Question 1

Which of the following statements with regard to stealth technology is/are correct?
1. Stealth objects have a very small radar cross-section and are coated with Radar Absorbing Material.
2. Stealth objects can be detected using specific frequencies.
3. Stealth objects are coated with metamaterials to increase the scattering of electromagnetic radiation.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

2 and 3 only. * Statement 1 is correct: Stealth technology minimizes a military platform's radar cross-section (RCS) using geometric alignment to deflect incoming radar rays alongside Radar Absorbing Material (RAM) coatings that soak up radar energy. * Statement 2 is correct: Although stealth hulls deflect standard high-frequency fire-control radars, they can still be picked up by low-frequency radar systems (such as VHF and UHF bands) whose long wavelengths interact directly with aircraft dimensions. * Statement 3 is incorrect: Metamaterials applied to stealth surfaces are specifically engineered to trap, absorb, or smoothly bend radar waves to minimize reflections; increasing scattering would heighten radar visibility and defeat the purpose of stealth.

Question 2

Which of the following statements with regard to Large Language Models (LLMs) used in machine learning is/are correct?
1. LLMs assign probabilities to the next possible words and then pick the one with the highest probability.
2. LLMs process data through mathematical optimization to minimise prediction errors.
3. LLMs produce unbiased outputs.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1 only. * Statement 1 is correct: Autoregressive LLMs function by assigning statistical probabilities to potential next words in a sequence based on prior text and typically selecting the highest probability token. * Statement 2 is correct: LLMs are trained using optimization algorithms (like gradient descent) configured to minimize mathematical prediction error (loss function) against their training datasets. * Statement 3 is incorrect: LLMs frequently generate biased outputs. Because they train on massive internet data reflecting existing human prejudices regarding race, gender, and culture, these systemic biases are mirrored in their outputs.

Question 3

Which of the following statements with regard to genetic medicine is/are correct?
1. Genetic medicines correct/compensate for the faulty genes responsible for disease.
2. Engineered viruses and lipid nanoparticles are used as carriers of the genetic medicine.
3. Genetic medicines alter the entire DNA sequence.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

2 and 3 only. * Statement 1 is correct: Genetic medicines operate by repairing, compensating for, or turning off specific malfunctioning genes that trigger genetic or terminal diseases. * Statement 2 is correct: Vehicles like engineered viral vectors (e.g., adeno-associated viruses) and lipid nanoparticles are well-established carriers used to transfer therapeutic genetic sequences into target cells safely. * Statement 3 is incorrect: Genetic medicines do not rewrite or modify the entire DNA sequence of an organism; they carry out targeted edits or additions at precise, localized gene segments.

Question 4

Which of the following statements with regard to Black Boxes used in modern aircrafts is/are correct?
1. They carry a beacon emitting red light pulses to facilitate underwater detection.
2. They record both the cockpit voice and flight data.
3. Their memory units are made using either stainless steel or titanium.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1 only. * Statement 1 is incorrect: Flight recorders feature an Underwater Locator Beacon (ULB) that transmits ultrasonic acoustic pulses (typically at 37.5 kHz) which travel effectively through water, whereas light-based signals are useless in deep, dark ocean waters. * Statement 2 is correct: Black boxes are split into two complementary recording setups: the Cockpit Voice Recorder (CVR) for crew cabin audio and the Flight Data Recorder (FDR) for mapping flight parameters. * Statement 3 is correct: To survive high-speed crash impact, extreme fire, and intense deep-sea pressure, their solid-state memory modules are sealed inside crash-survivable armor housings made of titanium or stainless steel.

Question 5

Consider the following statements with regard to involvement of private entities in India's space programme:
1. The Indian National Space Promotion and Authorisation Centre (IN-SPACe) is an autonomous agency formed to facilitate participation of private entities.
2. Agnikul Cosmos launched the world's first flight using 3D-printed rocket engine.
3. Skyroot Aerospace has developed liquid fuel for GSLV.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

2 and 3 only. * Statement 1 is correct: IN-SPACe was set up as a single-window autonomous clearing agency under the Department of Space to facilitate, promote, and regulate private enterprise involvement in India's space sector. * Statement 2 is correct: Space startup Agnikul Cosmos successfully conducted its Agnibaan SOrTeD mission, marking the world's first sub-orbital flight powered by a single-piece, 3D-printed semi-cryogenic engine. * Statement 3 is incorrect: Skyroot Aerospace developed the Vikram-S suborbital vehicle relying entirely on solid rocket propulsion technology; they did not build liquid fuel stages for GSLV, which are handled directly by ISRO.

Question 6

Which of the following statements with regard to drone swarms is/are correct?
1. They use Terahertz band of frequency to communicate with the command centre.
2. Individual drones in the swarm can communicate with other drones in the swarm.
3. GPS Spoofing is a commonly used technique to counter drone swarm attack.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1 only. * Statement 1 is incorrect: Flight regions operate on standard, established radio frequencies (UHF, VHF, WiFi, or ISM bands); Terahertz band wireless links are still experimental and not operational for swarm command systems. * Statement 2 is correct: A fundamental characteristic of autonomous swarms is peer-to-peer (inter-drone) data sharing, which allows the individual drones to dynamically self-coordinate and execute tasks via decentralized logic. * Statement 3 is correct: GPS spoofing is a common counter-drone technique that broadcasts false satellite navigation signals to confuse the swarm's onboard receivers, causing them to divert or crash.

Question 7

Which of the following statements with regard to GenomeIndia Project is/are correct?
1. It is a part of the Human Genome Project.
2. The project is funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT), Government of India.
3. Its primary aim is to build a catalogue of genetic diversity of the Indian population.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1 only. * Statement 1 is incorrect: The GenomeIndia Project is a completely independent, indigenous initiative; it has no formal links to the global Human Genome Project, which concluded back in 2003. * Statement 2 is correct: The initiative is fully funded by the Department of Biotechnology (DBT) under the Union Ministry of Science and Technology. * Statement 3 is correct: The primary goal of the project is to sequence 10,000 human genomes from diverse ethnic and linguistic groups across India to build a comprehensive reference data repository cataloguing the subcontinent's distinct genetic diversity.

Question 8

Which of the following statements with regard to the National Quantum Mission (NQM) is/are correct?
1. It aims at developing intermediate-scale quantum computers with 50-1000 physical qubits.
2. Its implementation includes setting up of four Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) in academic and national R&D institutes across India.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

2 only. * Statement 1 is correct: The National Quantum Mission (slated for 2023–2031 with a ₹6,003.65 crore budget) targets building intermediate-scale quantum computers operating on 50–1000 physical qubits via photonic and superconducting methods. * Statement 2 is correct: The mission setup establishes four dedicated internal Thematic Hubs (T-Hubs) across major national R&D labs and universities, centering on: Quantum Computing, Quantum Communication, Quantum Sensing & Metrology, and Quantum Materials & Devices.

Question 9

Which of the following statements with regard to India's Deep Ocean Mission is/are correct?
1. It was launched by the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways, Government of India.
2. Matsya-6000 has been designed to carry 3 people for deep sea exploration.
3. Samudrayaan is a project under this mission.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1 only. * Statement 1 is incorrect: The Deep Ocean Mission was initiated and is run by the Ministry of Earth Sciences (MoES), not the Ministry of Ports, Shipping and Waterways. * Statement 2 is correct: Matsya-6000 is a manned, deep-sea exploration vehicle engineered to dive a crew of three down to ocean floor depths of 6,000 meters. * Statement 3 is correct: Samudrayaan is India's premier flagship project under this mission, focusing on building manned deep-submergence systems through the deployment of Matsya-6000.

Question 10

Which of the following statements about DHRUV64 is/are correct?
1. It is the third chip fabricated under the DIR-V Programme with an overall aim to enable the creation of microprocessors for India.
2. It is India's first homegrown 1.0 GHz, 64-bit dual-core microprocessor.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

2 only. * Statement 1 is correct: DHRUV64 is the third major processor chip designed and taped out under the Digital India RISC-V (DIR-V) Programme, which aims to secure domestic self-reliance in microprocessor ecosystems. * Statement 2 is correct: Developed indigenously by the SHAKTI processor engineering team at IIT Madras, DHRUV64 is recognized as India's first homegrown 64-bit dual-core microprocessor capable of a 1.0 GHz clock speed.

Question 11

The Bureau of Indian Standard (BIS) recently introduced a national standard to test and assess bomb disposal system. Which of the following statements with regard to this system is/are correct?
1. The new standard is known as IS 19445: 2025.
2. It will improve interoperability of equipment across agencies.
3. It was developed by TBRL, DRDO in collaboration with the 30th Central Scientific Research Institute, Russia.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

2 and 3 only. * Statement 1 is correct: The national standard introduced by the BIS for testing and evaluating bomb disposal equipment is officially designated as IS 19445:2025. * Statement 2 is correct: The standard intends to create uniform benchmarks, thereby improving the interoperability and compatibility of gear used by various counter-IED and bomb disposal units across India. * Statement 3 is incorrect: The standard was developed through a consensus process by a domestic sectional committee whose specialized panel was convened under TBRL, DRDO. There was no collaborative input from the 30th CSRI, Russia.

Question 12

Which of the following statements with regard to India's indigenous new high resolution weather model, the 'Bharat Forecast System,' is/are correct?
1. Its objective is to generate forecasts at the Panchayats cluster level.
2. It was developed by IIT Delhi.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

1 only. * Statement 1 is correct: The Bharat Forecasting System (BFS) is a newly deployed Indian high-resolution weather model configured to generate local forecasts down to a cluster of panchayats level to step up extreme weather warning accuracy. * Statement 2 is incorrect: The model was engineered and developed by the Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology (IITM) operating under the Ministry of Earth Sciences, not by IIT Delhi.

Question 13

Which of the following statements regarding the features of blockchain technology are correct?
1. Records stored in the database may be made visible to relevant stakeholders without risk of alteration.
2. Copies of the entire database are stored on multiple computers on a network, syncing within seconds.
3. Consortium blockchain is a blend of public and private blockchains allowing selective data access.
4. Mathematical algorithms make it impossible to change or delete any data once recorded and accepted.
Select the answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

2 and 4 only. * Statement 1 is correct: Cryptography and consensus protocols enable blockchain systems to share data visible to relevant parties transparently while shielding it from unauthorized changes. * Statement 2 is correct: Blockchain acts as a decentralized distributed ledger where every node holds a complete, synchronized copy of the database. * Statement 3 is incorrect: A hybrid blockchain represents the structural blend of public and private features. A consortium blockchain is a semi-decentralized setup managed by a predefined group of organizations. * Statement 4 is correct: Cryptographic hashing binds blocks linearly, creating an immutable timeline where mathematical algorithms ensure data cannot be deleted or modified retroactively.

Question 14

Consider the following statements:
I. It is expected that Majorana 1 chip will enable quantum computing.
II. Majorana 1 chip has been introduced by Amazon Web Services (AWS).
III. Deep learning is a subset of machine learning.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

II and III only. * Statement I is correct: The Majorana I chip utilizes Majorana fermions to pioneer topological quantum computing, which promises greater architectural stability and lower error rates. * Statement II is incorrect: The Majorana I quantum chip was developed and launched by Microsoft, not by Amazon Web Services (AWS). * Statement III is correct: Deep learning is a specialized subset field within machine learning that uses multi-layered artificial neural networks for complex pattern data processing.

Question 15

With reference to monoclonal antibodies, often mentioned in news, consider the following statements:
I. They are man-made proteins.
II. They stimulate immunological function due to their ability to bind to specific antigens.
III. They are used in treating viral infections like that of Nipah virus.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

I and III only. * Statement I is correct: Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) are laboratory-engineered proteins created to mimic the immune system's natural defense properties. * Statement II is correct: Produced from a single clone of B-cells, they are explicitly designed to bind tightly to specific targeted antigens found on viruses, cancer cells, or bacteria. * Statement III is correct: They are widely used to treat cancers, autoimmune disorders, and dangerous viral infections, including COVID-19, Ebola, and the Nipah virus.

Question 16

With reference to 'Direct Air Capture', an emerging technology, which of the following statements is/are correct?
1. It can be used as a way of carbon sequestration.
2. It can be a valuable approach for plastic production and in food processing.
3. In aviation, it can be a source of carbon for combining with hydrogen to create synthetic low-carbon fuel.

Select the correct answer using the code given below.

Accepted Answer

III only. * Statement I is correct: Direct Air Capture (DAC) extracts CO2 directly out of the ambient atmosphere, which can then be permanently sequestered in deep geological formations. * Statement II is correct: The captured atmospheric carbon can be used as an industrial chemical feedstock to manufacture carbon-based materials like plastics, and used in food processing fields (e.g., beverage carbonation or preservatives). * Statement III is correct: In aviation, DAC-captured CO2 can be combined with green hydrogen via Power-to-Liquid (PtL) processing to synthesize low-carbon e-fuels, which help decarbonize long-haul flights.

Question 17

GPS-Aided Geo Augmented Navigation (GAGAN) uses a system of ground stations to provide necessary augmentation.
Which of the following statements is/are correct in respect of GAGAN?
I. It is designed to provide additional accuracy and integrity.
II. It will allow more uniform and high quality air traffic management.
III. It will provide benefits only in aviation but not in other modes of transportation.

Accepted Answer

I only. * Statement I is correct: GAGAN is designed to enhance the accuracy and integrity of GPS signals over the Indian airspace, improving positioning accuracy to 1-2 meters. * Statement II is correct: GAGAN improves navigation reliability, allowing for more uniform and efficient air traffic management. * Statement III is not correct: Although developed primarily for aviation, GAGAN also benefits other sectors like railways, road transport, maritime navigation, agriculture, and disaster management.

Question 18

Consider the following statements:
I. Indian Railways have prepared a National Rail Plan (NRP) to create a 'future ready' railway system by 2028.
II. 'Kavach' is an Automatic Train Protection system developed in collaboration with Germany.
III. 'Kavach' system consists of RFID tags fitted on track in station section.

Which of the statements given above are not correct?

Accepted Answer

I and II only. * Statement I is not correct: The National Rail Plan (NRP) prepared by Indian Railways aims to create a 'future ready' system by 2030 (aiming to increase the railway freight share to 45%), not 2028. * Statement II is not correct: Kavach is an Automatic Train Protection system developed completely indigenously by the RDSO in collaboration with the Indian industry, not with Germany. * Statement III is correct: The implementation of Kavach involves fitting Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) tags throughout the track length and station sections to track train positions. * Since statements I and II are incorrect, option (a) is the final answer.

Question 19

With reference to radioisotope thermoelectric generators (RTGs), consider the following statements:
1. RTGs are miniature fission reactors.
2. RTGs are used for powering the onboard systems of spacecrafts.
3. RTGs can use Plutonium-238, which is a by-product of weapons development.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

1 and 2 only. * Statement 1 is incorrect: RTGs are not fission reactors; they do not split atoms via a chain reaction. Instead, they are compact power units that convert heat generated by the natural radioactive decay of unstable isotopes directly into electricity. * Statement 2 is correct: Due to their high reliability, lack of moving components, and independence from solar proximity, RTGs are extensively utilized to power the onboard electronic electronics of deep-space probes and spacecraft. * Statement 3 is correct: These generators commonly rely on Plutonium-238 as an isotopic fuel source. Plutonium-238 has a favorable half-life and is generated as a specialized material by-product during weapons-grade plutonium processing activities.

Question 20

In which of the following are hydrogels used?
1. Controlled drug delivery in patients
2. Mobile air-conditioning systems
3. Preparation of industrial lubricants

Select the correct answer using the code given below:

Accepted Answer

2 and 3 only. * Application 1 is correct: Because hydrogels consist of highly cross-linked, biocompatible hydrophilic polymer networks that swell in fluids, they serve as excellent vehicles to enable time-controlled localized drug delivery in patients. * Application 2 is correct: Their high water-retention and evaporative characteristics are increasingly leveraged to build passive cooling loops and custom components for air-conditioning and electronics systems. * Application 3 is correct: Advanced research indicates that hydrogels can operate as highly efficient industrial bio-lubricants due to their excellent anti-friction and wear-resistant properties.

Science & Technology: Multi-statement (Traditional Style) PYQ.

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