Question 1

Consider the following statements regarding the land revenue systems in British India:

1. Under the Zamindari System, ownership rights on land vested with the peasants, but the village community was jointly responsible for the payment of revenue.
2. The Ryotwari System was fundamentally based on the Scientific Rent theory of Ricardo, and revenue was collected directly by the British from the peasants.
3. In the Mahalwari System, zamindars were recognised as the owners of the land and were granted the right to collect rent from the peasants.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. It incorrectly describes the Zamindari system using features of the Mahalwari system. Under the Mahalwari system, ownership rights vested with the peasant, and the village community was jointly responsible for revenue payment. In the Zamindari system, zamindars were recognized as the owners of the land. Statement 2 is correct. The text explicitly states that the Ryotwari System was based on Ricardo's rent theory and revenue was directly collected from the peasants (Raiyats). Statement 3 is incorrect. It incorrectly describes the Mahalwari system using features of the Zamindari system. In the Zamindari system, zamindars were recognized as owners and collected rent. In the Mahalwari system, land was divided into mahals, and landlords and village communities were jointly responsible for revenue payment.

Question 2

Consider the following two statements:

Statement-I: The Zamindari System, introduced via the Permanent Settlement Act of 1793, often resulted in the severe exploitation of peasants.

Statement-II: Under this system, the revenue share due to the East India Company was fixed permanently, creating a strong incentive for zamindars to maximize rent collection from peasants to increase their own share.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.. Statement-I is correct. The text mentions that zamindars, in order to increase their share, used to exploit helpless peasants. Statement-II is also correct. The system was called 'Permanent Settlement' because the amount the zamindar had to pay to the Company was fixed. The collected amount was to be divided in a 10/11 (Company) and 1/11 (Zamindar) ratio. Since the Company's demand was fixed, any amount collected by the zamindar above this fixed sum was his to keep. This provided a direct economic incentive to extract as much as possible from the peasants, which explains the exploitation mentioned in Statement-I. Therefore, Statement-II provides the correct explanation for Statement-I.

Question 3

With reference to land tenure reforms, consider the following statements:

1. Agrarian reform is a narrow term focusing only on the redistribution of land ownership, while land reform is a broader concept including farmer education and credit facilities.
2. Act X of 1859, the first tenancy act in British India, aimed to restrict the powers of landlords to increase rent and to protect tenants with occupancy rights.
3. The Ryotwari system fixed revenue rates at 50 percent for irrigated lands and 60 percent for dry lands.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. Agrarian reform is a comprehensive term that encompasses land reforms as well as other measures like providing agricultural credit, education, and improving market access for farmers. Land reform is a narrower concept focused specifically on the institutional framework of agriculture, such as ownership, tenancy, and rent regulation. The statement incorrectly reverses these definitions.

Statement 2 is correct. Act X of 1859, considered the first tenancy legislation in British India, was enacted with the primary objectives of safeguarding tenants with occupancy rights and limiting the arbitrary power of landlords to raise rents.

Statement 3 is incorrect. Under the Ryotwari system, the revenue rates were generally fixed at 50 percent for dry lands and 60 percent for irrigated lands. The statement reverses these figures.

Since only the second statement is correct, the correct answer is 'Only one'.

Question 4

Consider the following statements regarding the objectives of land reforms in India, distinguishing between the pre-independence and post-independence eras:

1. The primary objective of land reforms during the British period was to enhance agricultural productivity and ensure food security for the Indian populace.
2. Post-independence land reforms aimed to create a class of intermediaries loyal to the new government for efficient revenue collection.
3. A key objective of pre-independence land tenure systems, such as the Zamindari system, was to create a loyal rural aristocracy to support British rule.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. The explanation evaluates each statement to determine its correctness:

*   **Statement 1 is incorrect.** The primary objective of British land policy was not to enhance agricultural productivity but to maximize and secure revenue collection for the colonial state. This focus on extraction often led to the exploitation of cultivators and a lack of investment in agricultural improvement.

*   **Statement 2 is incorrect.** This statement misrepresents the goal of post-independence reforms. A central aim was the abolition of intermediaries (like zamindars), not the creation of a new class. The goal was to establish a direct relationship between the cultivator and the state, promoting social equity and empowering the tiller of the land.

*   **Statement 3 is correct.** The British introduced land tenure systems like the Zamindari system with a dual purpose: to ensure a stable revenue stream and to create a class of landlords who would be politically loyal to the British Crown, thereby helping to consolidate their rule.

Since only one statement (Statement 3) is correct, the correct option is 'a'.

Question 5

Consider the following statements regarding the Tebhaga Movement:

Statement-I: The Tebhaga Movement was launched by the sharecroppers of Bengal against the jotedars, demanding a larger share of the agricultural produce.

Statement-II: The movement's central demand was to implement the recommendations of the All-India Kisan Sabha, which stipulated that sharecroppers should retain two-thirds of the total crop.

Accepted Answer

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.. Statement-I is correct. The Tebhaga Movement (1946-47) was indeed initiated by sharecroppers in Bengal against the oppressive jotedars, who were rich peasants controlling land, local markets, and credit. Statement-II is incorrect. The demand for a two-thirds share for sharecroppers was based on the recommendations of the Floud Commission. The All-India Kisan Sabha, the peasant wing of the CPI, encouraged the sharecroppers to demand the implementation of the Floud Commission's recommendations; it did not formulate the recommendation itself.

Question 6

With reference to the constitutional provisions and policy roles concerning land in India, consider the following statements:

1. As per the Seventh Schedule, 'Land' is a subject in the Concurrent List, granting co-legislative powers to both the Union and the States.
2. The subject of 'acquisition and requisitioning of property' is placed in the State List, giving state legislatures exclusive power over it.
3. The central government has historically maintained a significant advisory and financial role in land policy, notwithstanding the constitutional placement of the subject of 'Land'.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. According to the Seventh Schedule of the Indian Constitution, 'Land' is a State subject, which means only state legislatures have the primary authority to draft and implement land-reform measures. Statement 2 is incorrect. The subject 'acquisition and requisitioning of property' is listed in the Concurrent List, not the State List, allowing both the central and state governments to legislate on it. Statement 3 is correct. Despite land being a State subject, the central government has a constitutional responsibility for social and economic planning, which has allowed it to play a considerable advisory and financial role in shaping land policy, often in conjunction with the states.

Question 7

With reference to the post-independence land reform movements, consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The Gramdan Movement was conceptually different from the Bhoodan Movement as the land received in the former became the property of a village association.
Statement-II: The Bhoodan Movement, also known as the Bloodless Revolution, aimed to provide individual land ownership to landless peasants by receiving land gifts from landowners.

Accepted Answer

Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I. The Bhoodan Movement, launched in 1951, aimed to persuade landowners to gift land for distribution to individual landless peasants. The Gramdan Movement, started in 1952, was a progression where entire villages would donate their land, and this land would become the collective property of a village association, not an individual. Therefore, Statement-I correctly points out the difference in ownership structure (collective vs. individual). Statement-II correctly describes the individual-centric approach of the Bhoodan Movement, which provides the necessary context and contrast, thereby serving as a correct explanation for why the Gramdan movement was different.

Question 8

With reference to Raj Krishna's categorisation of land reform initiatives, consider the following statements:

1. 'Liberating' measures were primarily aimed at transferring land ownership from large landowners to the landless poor.
2. 'Distributive' measures, such as West Bengal's Operation Barga, focused on liberating the actual tillers from landlord tyranny by providing them with occupancy rights and fixing rent.
3. 'Organisational' measures were designed to implement specific agricultural production practices by leveraging progressive technology.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. The explanation proves the correct option by evaluating each statement against Raj Krishna's classification:

- **Statement 1 is incorrect.** The description provided, 'transferring land ownership from large landowners to the landless poor', actually defines 'Distributive' measures (e.g., land ceilings). 'Liberating' measures refer to tenancy reforms like providing security of tenure and fixing fair rents to free tenants from landlord exploitation.

- **Statement 2 is incorrect.** The description provided, 'liberating the actual tillers from landlord tyranny by providing them with occupancy rights and fixing rent', along with the example of Operation Barga, correctly defines 'Liberating' measures, not 'Distributive' measures. 'Distributive' measures focus on the redistribution of land itself.

- **Statement 3 is correct.** 'Organisational' measures are indeed focused on reorganizing the agricultural production structure to improve efficiency. This includes initiatives like the consolidation of fragmented land holdings, cooperative farming, and the application of modern technology and practices.

Therefore, only one statement is correct.

Question 9

Consider the following statements regarding the Reorganisation of Agriculture in post-independence India:

1. The Second Five Year Plan recommended applying land ceilings only to future acquisitions of land, not to existing holdings.
2. To prevent malafide transfers, it was recommended that land transferred by landlords be subtracted from their retained land to ascertain the ceiling limit.
3. States that adopted 'Family Holding' as the basis for the ceiling limit were generally more successful in preventing malafide transfers than states using 'individual holding'.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The First Five Year Plan focused on ceilings for future acquisitions, whereas the Second Five Year Plan recommended extending ceilings to existing holdings as well. Statement 2 is incorrect. To counter malafide transfers intended to circumvent ceiling laws, the Second FYP recommended that transferred land be added to, not subtracted from, the land retained by landlords to determine the total holding for ceiling purposes. Statement 3 is correct. The text explicitly states that defining the ceiling limit based on 'Family Holding' was more effective in preventing fraudulent transfers compared to states that used 'individual holding' as the unit.

Question 10

Consider the following statements regarding land reform measures in India:

1. Operation Barga was a land reform measure launched in Uttar Pradesh to record the names of sharecroppers and protect them from illegal eviction.
2. The Big Landed Estates Abolition Act, 1950, was a key legislative measure enacted in Jammu and Kashmir to abolish landlordism.
3. Tamil Nadu was the first state in India to pass a Contract Farming Act as per the central government's guidelines.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. Operation Barga was launched in West Bengal in 1979, not Uttar Pradesh, for the purpose of recording bargadars (sharecroppers). Statement 2 is correct. The Big Landed Estates Abolition Act, 1950, was a significant land reform in Jammu and Kashmir that provided excellent results for the landless by abolishing landlordism. Statement 3 is correct. The text explicitly mentions that Tamil Nadu is the first state to pass a Contract Farming Act, as per central guidelines. Therefore, only two statements are correct.

Question 11

Consider the following two statements:

Statement-I: Land ceiling policies, which limit the maximum size of land an individual or family can hold, are considered an effective economic reform in agrarian economies.

Statement-II: Such policies improve economic efficiency by consolidating fragmented land into larger holdings, which allows for economies of scale and thereby increases agricultural output.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect. Statement-I is correct. Land ceiling policies are considered a helpful economic reform for promoting efficiency, equitable distribution, and economic growth in agrarian economies like India. Statement-II is incorrect and misrepresents the mechanism of efficiency gain. Land ceiling policies improve economic efficiency by breaking large landholdings into smaller plots, which results in increased agricultural output through more intensive cultivation and improved access for marginalized farmers. The concept of economies of scale is associated with consolidation of holdings, not the division of land through ceiling policies. Therefore, Statement-II is not a correct explanation for Statement-I.

Question 12

Consider the following statements regarding the reasons for the limited success of the first phase of land reforms in India:

1. A significant loophole was the use of 'individual holding' as the basis for the ceiling limit, allowing landowners to transfer land to family members to bypass the law.
2. The term 'personal cultivation' was ambiguously defined, which was exploited by landlords to carry out large-scale evictions of tenants.
3. The provision for 'voluntary surrender' of land by tenants was often misused through coercion, a loophole that some states later addressed through legislation.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

All three. Statement 1 is correct. The land ceiling laws in the first phase were based on 'individual holding' rather than 'family holding'. This created a major loophole, as landowners could legally transfer land to their relatives, thus bypassing the ceiling limits. Statement 2 is correct. The law lacked a precise definition of 'personal cultivation', allowing landlords to claim they intended to cultivate the land themselves and evict tenants on this pretext. Statement 3 is correct. The provision for 'voluntary surrender' was exploited, with tenants often being coerced into 'surrendering' their land. This loophole was later addressed by some states, which passed laws to regulate such surrenders. Therefore, all three statements are correct.

Question 13

With reference to land policy in the post-1991 era, consider the following statements:
1. The New Economic Policy of 1991 mandated a uniform, nationwide relaxation of land ceiling and tenancy laws to encourage capitalistic farming.
2. A key argument post-1991, based on international experience, was that new economic reforms should precede comprehensive land reforms to ensure sustainable development.
3. The developmental models of Japan and Korea were cited as evidence that land reforms could be instrumental in fostering faster and sustainable agricultural development.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The New Economic Policy of 1991 did not issue a uniform, nationwide mandate for relaxing land laws. While there were proposals and discussions, including from some state governments, to relax ceiling and tenancy laws to attract corporate investment, it was not a centrally mandated, uniform policy. Land is a state subject, and policy changes were not uniform across the country.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The argument based on the experience of several East Asian economies was the opposite. It was contended that comprehensive land reforms should precede or accompany new economic reforms. The rationale was that equitable land distribution creates a broad base for demand and ensures that the benefits of growth are more widely shared, leading to rapid and sustainable development.

Statement 3 is correct. The experiences of countries like Japan and South Korea were indeed highlighted in policy debates. In these nations, post-war land reforms were considered a crucial foundation for their subsequent rapid agricultural and industrial growth, serving as evidence that such reforms are helpful for faster and sustainable development.

Since only one statement (Statement 3) is correct, option 'a' is the correct answer. Consequently, options 'b' (Only two), 'c' (All three), and 'd' (None) are incorrect.

Question 14

Consider the following two statements:

Statement-I: In the context of India's post-1991 economic reforms, a significant argument was made that comprehensive land reforms should be implemented before proceeding with further liberalisation policies.

Statement-II: The developmental trajectories of countries like Japan and Korea suggested that undertaking land reforms prior to broader economic reforms was beneficial for achieving rapid and sustainable agricultural growth.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.. Statement-I is correct. It accurately reflects the argument that 'land reforms should precede the new economic reforms for rapid and sustainable development'. Statement-II is also correct, as it points to the evidence from 'countries like Japan and Korea where land reforms proved helpful in faster and sustainable development'. Statement-II provides the specific reason and international precedent for the argument mentioned in Statement-I, thus serving as its correct explanation.

Question 15

Consider the following statements regarding the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement (Amendment) Bill, 2015:

1. The Bill proposed to introduce the consent requirement of 70 per cent of landowners for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects for the first time.
2. The Bill mandated that Social Impact Assessment (SIA) must be conducted for all five exempted categories, including defence and industrial corridors.
3. The Bill proposed to allow the acquisition of multi-cropped land for certain specified categories of projects.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The consent requirement (80% for private projects and 70% for PPP) was a provision of the original LARR Act, 2013. The 2015 Bill sought to exempt five categories of projects from this requirement. Statement 2 is incorrect. The 2015 Bill sought to exempt the five specified categories from the mandatory Social Impact Assessment (SIA), not mandate it for them. Statement 3 is correct. The 2015 Bill proposed that, unlike the 2013 Act, even multi-cropped land could be acquired for the five specified categories, which include defence and industrial corridors. Therefore, only one statement is correct.

Question 16

Consider the following statements regarding the Model Agricultural Land Leasing Act, 2016:

1. It is a binding central law prepared by NITI Aayog that automatically overrides existing state-level land leasing legislations.
2. It explicitly provides that under no circumstances will the lease holder's claim on the ownership of the land be considered valid.
3. It establishes a 'Special Land Tribunal' as a new judicial body, completely independent of the existing Civil Court system, for faster dispute resolution.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The text states that the Model Act serves as a 'guide for the States and UTs to draft their own piece of leasing legislation', not a binding central law that overrides state laws. Statement 2 is correct. The text explicitly mentions that the Act ensures 'in any circumstances, the leased holders’ claim on land will not be valid', thereby protecting the land rights of the owner. Statement 3 is incorrect. The text specifies that the provision of a 'Special Land Tribunal' has been made 'in the Civil Court', indicating it functions within the existing civil court framework, not as a completely independent body. Therefore, only one statement is correct.

Question 17

With reference to the Right to Fair Compensation and Transparency in Land Acquisition, Rehabilitation and Resettlement Act, 2013, consider the following statements:

Statement-I: The Act permits the acquisition of land for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects where private bodies are involved.
Statement-II: For land acquired for PPP projects under this Act, the ownership of the land is transferred from the government to the private body to facilitate project execution.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect. Statement-I is correct. The text explicitly states that under the 2013 Act, land can be acquired by private bodies for Public-Private Partnership (PPP) projects. Statement-II is incorrect. The text clarifies that for such acquisitions, 'the ownership of the land will continue to be with the Government'. The ownership is not transferred to the private body. Therefore, Statement-I is correct, but Statement-II is incorrect.

Question 18

With reference to the Land Pooling Policy for urban development, consider the following statements:

1. Under the policy, 60 per cent of the pooled land is designated for developing city-level infrastructure like roads and sewerage.
2. The policy permits only those landowners with parcels above a certain minimum prescribed size to participate in the pooling process.
3. The development of infrastructure on the portion of land allocated for public utilities is carried out in partnership with the private sector.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The policy specifies a 60:40 ratio where 60 per cent of the land is to be developed by the landowners themselves. The remaining 40 per cent is allocated for city-level infrastructure requirements. The statement incorrectly reverses this allocation.

Statement 2 is incorrect. The policy explicitly allows owners to pool land parcels of any size for development. It does not impose a minimum size requirement for participation.

Statement 3 is correct. The policy framework indicates that the 40 per cent of land used for city-level infrastructure is developed in partnership with the private sector.

Question 19

With reference to the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP), consider the following statements:

1. The DILRMP is a Centrally Sponsored Scheme, continuing the funding pattern of the schemes it replaced.
2. The National Informatics Centre (NIC) is exclusively responsible for the development of the core Geospatial Information System (GIS).
3. Linking of Aadhaar with land records on a voluntary basis is one of the major components of the programme.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. To determine the correct option, let's analyze each statement:

*   **Statement 1 is incorrect.** The Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP) is a Central Sector Scheme, which implies 100% funding by the Central Government. It is not a Centrally Sponsored Scheme where funding is shared between the Centre and States.
*   **Statement 2 is incorrect.** While the National Informatics Centre (NIC) is involved in the programme, its role is primarily related to the installation and maintenance of hardware/software and providing training. The claim that it is *exclusively* responsible for the *development* of the core GIS is not accurate.
*   **Statement 3 is correct.** The programme's framework explicitly includes the linking of Aadhaar with land records on a voluntary basis as one of its major components to improve the accuracy and transparency of records.

Since only one statement (Statement 3) is correct, the correct answer is 'Only one'.

Question 20

Consider the following two statements:

Statement-I: A primary objective of the Digital India Land Records Modernisation Programme (DILRMP) is to progress towards a system of conclusive property titling.

Statement-II: In the existing system, land ownership is established through multiple, often inconsistent, documents maintained by different government departments, which contributes to litigation and property disputes.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Both Statement-I and Statement-II are correct and Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.. Statement-I is correct. The text explicitly mentions that DILRMP seeks to 'move towards guaranteed titles' and that 'conclusive titling will also significantly reduce litigation'. Statement-II is also correct. The text highlights as a challenge that 'Land ownership is established through multiple documents maintained by different departments' such as the registration, survey, and revenue departments, which leads to 'litigations, scams and property disputes'. Statement-II provides the core rationale for the objective stated in Statement-I; the problem of fragmented and unreliable records (Statement-II) necessitates the creation of a system of guaranteed or conclusive titles (Statement-I). Therefore, Statement-II is the correct explanation for Statement-I.

Question 21

Consider the following pairs with respect to the DILRMP:

1. Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) : A major component of the original programme
2. Development of core Geospatial Information System (GIS) : An innovative initiative under the programme
3. Bhoomi Samman Certification : A grading scheme for states based on saturation of basic components

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. The Unique Land Parcel Identification Number (ULPIN) is listed under 'Innovative Initiatives under DILRMP', not as one of the original 'major components'. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The 'Development of core Geospatial Information System (GIS)' is listed as one of the 'major components of the programme', not as an 'innovative initiative'. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The text describes the Bhoomi Samman Certification as a 'Platinum Grading Certificate Scheme for States/UTs' where the target is the 'saturation of six basic components of the program'. Therefore, only one pair is correctly matched.

Question 22

With reference to recent initiatives under the Digital India Land Records Modernization Programme (DILRMP), consider the following statements:
1. The Survey of India provides the primary technical support for the transliteration of Records of Rights into the 22 Schedule VIII languages.
2. The NAKSHA programme for creating land records in urban areas has the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC) as its designated technical partner.
3. The integration of land records with e-Courts is primarily aimed at providing the judiciary with authentic land information to expedite case resolution.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The technical support for the transliteration of Records of Rights is provided by the Centre for Development of Advanced Computing (C-DAC), Pune, not the Survey of India.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The technical partner for the NAKSHA programme is the Survey of India, not C-DAC.
Statement 3 is correct. The initiative to link land records with e-Courts is intended to provide authentic land information to the judiciary, thereby enabling faster case resolution.

Question 23

Consider the following statements regarding land governance initiatives in India:
1. The NAKSHA programme is primarily focused on creating accurate land records in rural and semi-urban habitations to reduce disputes.
2. The transliteration initiative for land records aims to make them accessible in any of the 22 languages listed in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.
3. The Bhoomi Samman Platinum Grading certification is awarded to districts that have completed 99% or more of the work across six specified components of land record modernization.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. The NAKSHA (National Geospatial Knowledge-based Land Survey of Urban Habitations) programme is a pilot for the creation of Land Records in Urban Areas, not rural or semi-urban habitations.
Statement 2 is correct. The initiative for transliteration of land records, undertaken with C-DAC's support, aims to convert Records of Rights into any of the 22 Schedule VIII languages.
Statement 3 is correct. The Bhoomi Samman Certificates with Platinum Grading are provided to districts for completing 99 per cent and above of work under the six components of the DILRMP.

Question 24

With reference to the news (2025-10-31) regarding 'Transit-Oriented Development for Urban Sustainability', consider the following statements:
1. TOD primarily focuses on developing commercial hubs around transit stations.
2. Value Capture Financing (VCF) is a regulatory tool to enforce land acquisition.
3. The '8-80' city concept is integral, ensuring usability for all age groups.
How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. TOD promotes mixed-use development (residential, commercial, recreational), not just commercial hubs, to create vibrant, walkable communities. Statement 2 is incorrect. Value Capture Financing is a financial mechanism to capture increased property value due to public infrastructure, not a regulatory tool for land acquisition. Statement 3 is correct. The '8-80' concept, advocating for cities accessible for an 8-year-old and an 80-year-old, is a core principle of inclusive urban design central to modern TOD.

Question 25

With reference to the news (2025-10-31) regarding 'Transit-Oriented Development for Urban Sustainability', consider the following statements:
Statement-I: The National Urban Transport Policy (NUTP) provides the foundational framework for promoting Transit-Oriented Development in India.
Statement-II: The Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs has the exclusive authority to notify and implement TOD zones across all metropolitan cities.

Accepted Answer

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.. Statement-I is correct. The NUTP, 2006, emphasizes moving people, not vehicles, and integrating land use with transport, which are foundational principles for TOD. Statement-II is incorrect. While the Ministry formulates national policy, 'Land' and 'Urban Development' are state subjects. The notification and implementation of TOD zones are done by State Governments and Urban Local Bodies, not exclusively by the central ministry.

Question 26

Consider the following statements regarding the concept of Transit-Oriented Development (TOD) in urban planning:
1. It primarily aims to increase the modal share of private vehicles to solve last-mile connectivity issues.
2. It typically leads to a reduction in land value appreciation around transit corridors.
3. It is expected to contribute to an improvement in the city's overall air quality.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

3 only. Statement 1 is incorrect. A core objective of TOD is to reduce dependence on private vehicles and increase the modal share of public transport, walking, and cycling. The focus is on integrated public and non-motorized transport, not increasing private vehicle usage.
Statement 2 is incorrect. By concentrating development and improving accessibility, TOD makes areas around transit hubs more desirable. This increased demand typically leads to significant land value appreciation, a principle often leveraged through Value Capture Financing mechanisms.
Statement 3 is correct. By shifting travel from private automobiles to public transit and non-motorized transport, TOD helps in reducing vehicular emissions, which directly leads to an improvement in urban air quality.

Land Reforms

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