Indian Forest

Q1.Consider the following statements regarding the impacts of climate change on agriculture: 1. Moderate warming, defined as an increase of 1 to 3°C in mean temperature, is expected to have negative impacts on crop yields in temperate regions. 2. In India, studies predict a decline in summer rainfall by the 2050s, which is significant as this rainfall accounts for nearly 70 per cent of the annual total. 3. Projections for the 2050s indicate that Central India will experience a decrease in winter rainfall, while semi-arid regions of Western India are expected to receive higher than normal rainfall. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q2.Consider the following statements: Statement I: In the context of Indian agriculture, rising temperatures are projected to increase the overall cost of crop production. Statement II: An increase in temperature is expected to decrease the fertilizer requirement for achieving the same production targets, thereby reducing input costs. Statement III: Due to climate change, the productivity of kharif season crops is projected to experience a greater decline compared to rabi season crops. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q3.With reference to the impacts of climate change on land and water resources, consider the following statements: 1. The amount of arable land in high-latitude regions is likely to increase primarily due to the submergence of coastlines from rising sea levels. 2. The International Commission for Snow and Ice (ICSE) has reported that Himalayan glaciers, which are crucial dry-season water sources for major Asian rivers, could disappear by 2035 if current trends persist. 3. In South Asia, climate change is projected to cause losses for regional staples like rice and maize that could exceed 10 per cent by 2030. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q4.With reference to the geoengineering technique of 'Copying a Volcano', consider the following statements: 1. The primary mechanism involves injecting sulfur-dioxide gas into the atmosphere to block solar radiation. 2. Sulfur is considered an effective agent because it heats the stratosphere, which complements the overall cooling effect on the planet. 3. Compared to sulfur dioxide, hydrogen sulfide is considered a less suitable candidate for atmospheric seeding. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q5.Consider the following pairs: Geoengineering Technique : Proposed Mechanism 1. Seeding the Sea : Using iron to stimulate phytoplankton which pull carbon from the atmosphere. 2. Whitening Clouds : Spraying seawater using wind-powered ships to increase solar radiation reflection. 3. Artificial Trees : Using absorbent resin panels that react with atmospheric CO2 to form a solid. How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Q6.Consider the following statements regarding carbon capture and its utilization: 1. The absorbent resin on 'artificial trees' reacts with atmospheric carbon dioxide to form a liquid. 2. Captured carbon dioxide can be commercially utilized in horticulture for use in greenhouses. 3. The process of releasing captured carbon from the filters of an 'artificial tree' involves exposing them to steam, which results in liquid CO2. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q7.Consider the following statements regarding solar energy generation technologies: 1. In Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) technology, photovoltaic cells absorb photons to free electrons, thereby generating a direct current. 2. Solar-Thermal electricity generation involves heating a liquid, such as synthetic oil or molten salt, to produce steam for a conventional generator. 3. Photovoltaic electricity generation utilizes a mirrored surface to reflect sunlight onto a receiver that heats up a liquid. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q8.Consider the following statements regarding renewable energy: 1. All renewable energy sources are fairly non-polluting and considered clean, without exception. 2. India's up-scaled target for renewable energy capacity was 175 GW by the year 2022, which included 100 GW from solar. 3. Co-generation is a process of deriving energy from continuously replenished natural resources like wind or tides. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q9.With reference to the functioning of Photovoltaic (PV) cells, consider the following statements: 1. When enough photons are absorbed by the negative layer of a PV cell, electrons are freed and migrate to the positive layer, creating a voltage differential. 2. The power generated by a photovoltaic system is initially Alternate Current (AC), which is then converted to Direct Current (DC) using inverters. 3. Parabolic troughs are a type of collector used in photovoltaic electricity systems to focus sunlight onto the PV cells. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q10.Consider the following statements regarding the factors that determine the electricity production of a wind turbine: 1. Doubling the blade radius of a turbine results in a doubling of the power produced. 2. High altitude locations are generally more productive for wind turbines due to less turbulent wind. 3. A wind turbine typically generates energy only when wind speeds are between 4 and 25 metres per second. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q11.Consider the following statements regarding types of wind turbines: 1. The vertical-axis turbine design is considered optimal for large-scale electricity generation due to its high torque. 2. A horizontal-axis turbine has its blades rotating on an axis perpendicular to the ground. 3. Vertical-axis turbines are specifically designed to take advantage of the higher and less turbulent wind speeds found at elevations of 100 feet or more. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q12.Consider the following pairs related to wind energy in India: 1. State with maximum wind energy potential at 100m AGL : Tamil Nadu 2. Nodal Ministry for offshore wind energy development : Ministry of New & Renewable Energy 3. Nodal Agency for allocation of offshore wind energy blocks : National Institute of Wind Energy 4. National wind energy target by the year 2030 : 60 GW How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q13.Consider the following statements regarding different types of hydropower facilities: 1. Pumped storage facilities function as energy storage systems, using surplus electricity from other sources to move water to a higher elevation for later use. 2. Impoundment facilities, the most common type of hydropower, typically involve a large dam to create a reservoir. 3. Diversion, or run-of-river, facilities always require a dam to channel a portion of a river through a penstock.

Q14.With reference to Small Hydro Power (SHP) in India, consider the following statements: 1. A hydropower project is classified as 'Small Hydro' if it has an installed capacity of less than 25 MW. 2. SHPs are predominantly run-of-river installations, which mitigates the adverse environmental effects associated with large-scale hydro projects. 3. India has successfully exploited more than 50% of its identified potential of approximately 21,100 MW for small hydro projects.

Q15.Consider the following pairs related to ocean energy projects in India: 1. Ocean Thermal Energy Conversion : Utilizes temperature differences in the water column 2. First Wave Energy Project : Hanthal Creek, Gulf of Kutch 3. Proposed Tidal Energy Project : Vizhinjam, near Trivandrum How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Q16.With reference to biomass as an energy source, consider the following statements: 1. Burning biomass releases a significantly lower amount of carbon dioxide per unit of energy compared to burning conventional fossil fuels. 2. The carbon neutrality of biomass energy is based on the principle that it releases carbon dioxide that was recently captured during its own growth cycle. 3. The process of using biomass for energy is always carbon-neutral, as the carbon released during combustion is perfectly balanced by the carbon absorbed during growth. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q17.Consider the following statements regarding technologies for converting biomass to energy: 1. Pyrolysis is a process of thermal decomposition where organic material is heated in the presence of excess air to produce syngas. 2. Gasification involves the partial combustion of organic matter in an environment with a restricted quantity of oxygen. 3. Combustion is a process where waste is directly burned in an anaerobic environment at high temperatures to liberate heat energy. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q18.Consider the following statements regarding power generation from biomass: 1. Conventional power plants typically condense the low-pressure exhaust steam, which contributes to their relatively low efficiency of around 35%. 2. Cogeneration plants achieve high efficiency levels by utilizing the low-pressure exhaust steam for heating purposes rather than condensing it. 3. In India, the primary potential for bagasse-based cogeneration lies in sectors with joint heat and electricity requirements, such as sugar mills, distilleries, and the paper industry. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q19.Consider the following statements regarding the fundamental principles of geothermal energy:

Q20.Consider the following pairs regarding potential geothermal sites in India: 1. Puga Valley : Jammu and Kashmir 2. Tattapani : Chhattisgarh 3. Tuwa : Maharashtra 4. Bakreshwar : West Bengal How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q21.With reference to the challenges associated with geothermal power generation, consider the following statements: 1. India, despite its early start in the 1970s, currently has no operational geothermal power plants. 2. One of the primary execution challenges is the potential escape of harmful radioactive gases from drilled holes. 3. The Cambay graben and the Son-Narmada-Tapi graben are classified as orogenic geothermal provinces. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q22.Consider the following statements regarding fuel cells: 1. Fuel cells operate by converting the chemical energy of a fuel into electricity through a process of controlled combustion. 2. The primary emissions from fuel-cell powered vehicles are Suspended Particulate Matter (SPM) and SO2. 3. In power generation, fuel cells typically have a lower efficiency level, around 35%, compared to conventional large-scale power plants. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q23.With reference to the types of hydrogen based on extraction methods, consider the following statements: 1. Grey Hydrogen is produced exclusively through the steam methane reformation (SMR) of natural gas. 2. The production processes for Grey Hydrogen are generally considered to be carbon-intensive. 3. Blue Hydrogen is produced via the gasification of coal or lignite. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q24.Consider the following statements: Statement I: A significant increase in geothermal power generation faces considerable infrastructural challenges related to electricity transmission. Statement II: Geothermal power plants must be located near specific reservoirs, often in rural areas, and it is not practical to transport steam or hot water over long distances. Statement III: The primary constraint for the widespread commercialization of fuel cells is their low energy conversion efficiency compared to internal combustion engines. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q25.Consider the following statements regarding India's food and water security projections: 1. To meet future requirements, India's total foodgrain production has to be increased to 400 MT by the year 2050. 2. The agriculture sector's share of water consumption is projected to decrease to approximately 58% by 2050, though it will remain the largest consumer. 3. The Gangotri glacier's rate of retreat has been recorded at approximately 38 meters per decade. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q26.Consider the following statements regarding the impacts of climate change on water resources in India: 1. In the long term, glacial melt due to climate change is expected to cause a sustained and permanent increase in summer flows in major Himalayan river systems. 2. Sea level rise is a contributing factor to water stress in coastal areas through the mechanism of groundwater salinisation. 3. Anthropogenic activities like deforestation and urbanization in the Himalayan region are linked to an increase in the frequency of hydrological disasters. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q27.Consider the following pairs: 1. Change of course of River Kosi : A direct consequence of Himalayan glacial retreat 2. Increased summer flows in perennial rivers : Eventual disappearance of glaciers 3. Enhanced sedimentation in Himalayan lakes : Extensive land use and deforestation How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Q28.Consider the following statements regarding the impacts of global warming and sea level rise: 1. Sea water percolation resulting from coastal inundation primarily enhances the availability of freshwater supplies. 2. Warming seas are expected to fuel less intense tropical storms, reducing cyclone risk for coastal states. 3. The rise in sea level is exclusively caused by the melting of ice sheets.

Q29.With reference to the impacts of sea level rise on India, consider the following statements: 1. Among the coastal states, Orissa is projected to be the worst hit in terms of losing the largest percentage of its total land area. 2. The existence of coral reefs in India's biosphere reserves is threatened by rising sea levels due to their sensitivity to changes in water salinity. 3. People living in the Ganges Delta are largely shielded from the flood risks associated with rising sea levels.

Q30.Consider the following statements: Statement I: Satellite observations since the early 1990s indicate that the rate of sea level rise per year has been significantly higher than the average during the previous half-century. Statement II: The primary physical mechanisms causing the rise in sea level are the thermal expansion of ocean water and the melting of ice sheets. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q31.With reference to the Himalayan Ecosystem, consider the following statements: 1. The Himalayan Ecosystem is home to the largest amount of glaciers in the world. 2. An increase in the phenomenon of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) is predicted primarily for the western Himalayas. 3. The perennial rivers originating from the Himalayan glaciers are considered a lifeline solely for India.

Q32.Consider the following statements regarding Coastal and Marine Ecosystems: 1. Ocean acidification, resulting from increased dissolved carbonic acid, is expected to be beneficial for shell-forming organisms. 2. Wetlands, such as mangrove forests, function as natural barriers against flooding and cyclones. 3. The most explicit event cited as an example of climate change affecting the marine ecosystem is the expansion of deserts.

Q33.Consider the following pairs: 1. Indo-Gangetic Ecosystem : Primarily a monsoon-dependent ecosystem 2. Peninsular Ecosystem : Primarily an agricultural ecosystem 3. Indian Desert Ecosystem : Occupies approximately 38.8% of India's geographical area How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Q34.Consider the following statements regarding the impact of climate change on the spread of infectious diseases: 1. Rising temperatures have led to the first-time reporting of Dengue fever cases in countries like Nepal and Bhutan. 2. Flooding creates opportunities for the breeding of disease-carrying insects such as mosquitoes. 3. Endemic mortality due to diarrhoeal disease is expected to rise in East, South, and South-East Asia due to projected changes in the hydrological cycle.

Q35.With reference to the health impacts linked to Green House Gas (GHG) emissions, consider the following statements: 1. GHG emissions have been responsible for the depletion of the stratospheric ozone layer. 2. Higher exposure to ultra-violet rays resulting from ozone depletion can lead to suppression of the human immune system. 3. Depletion of the ozone layer is a primary factor in the increased rates of diarrhoeal disease.

Q36.Consider the following statements regarding the effects of climate change on agriculture and nutrition: 1. In some African countries, yields from rain-fed agriculture could be reduced by up to 80 per cent by 2020. 2. Stress on food supplies from decreased crop yields is expected to lead to a wider prevalence of malnutrition. 3. The negative effects of climate change on health are concentrated on poor populations, thereby widening the inequality gap.

Q37.Consider the following statements regarding geologic carbon sequestration mechanisms: 1. Geologic sequestration primarily relies on increasing carbon fixation through photosynthesis in underground rock formations. 2. Hydrodynamic trapping involves the dissolution of carbon dioxide into liquids such as water or oil. 3. In mineral carbonation, carbon dioxide reacts with specific minerals to form stable carbonate compounds. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q38.With reference to the Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) policy framework by NITI Aayog, consider the following statements: 1. The framework aims for deep decarbonization from hard-to-abate sectors such as steel and cement. 2. CCUS technologies are designed to extract carbon dioxide from both flue gas emissions and directly from the atmosphere. 3. The utilization of captured CO2 includes its conversion into value-added products like polymers and bio-plastics. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q39.Consider the following statements regarding carbon sinks and sequestration types: 1. Depleted oil reserves and unmineable mines are classified as natural carbon sinks. 2. Ocean sequestration is considered to have the largest potential for near-term application among sequestration technologies. 3. Terrestrial sequestration can be enhanced by slowing down the decomposition of organic matter. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q40.Consider the following statements regarding Green and Blue Carbon: 1. Per square mile, coastal blue carbon ecosystems remove atmospheric carbon at rates that are generally lower than those of mature tropical forests. 2. Green carbon is the carbon stored in the plants and soil of terrestrial ecosystems, forming a vital part of the global carbon cycle. 3. Coastal ecosystems like mangroves can store up to five times more carbon in their organic-rich sediments compared to many temperate and tropical forests. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q41.With reference to the Blue Carbon Initiative and associated international cooperation, consider the following statements: 1. The Blue Carbon Initiative is a legally binding international treaty focused on mitigating climate change through coastal ecosystem restoration. 2. A key objective of the initiative is the development of incentive mechanisms, such as carbon payment schemes, for Blue Carbon projects. 3. The Intergovernmental Oceanic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO is one of the primary organizations collaborating on the development of policy mechanisms for Blue Carbon ecosystems. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q42.Consider the following statements: 1. Green and blue carbon are forms of carbon that contribute to atmospheric greenhouse gases, while black and brown carbon sequester them. 2. Africa's Great Green Wall project is an initiative aimed at stopping the Sahara Desert from spreading further south. 3. Blue carbon ecosystems, such as tidal marshes and mangroves, are found on every continent without exception. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q43.Consider the following statements regarding carbon credits: 1. A single carbon credit represents a tradeable permit equivalent to the right to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide equivalent. 2. An organization earns a carbon credit by producing one tonne more of carbon dioxide equivalent than its permitted standard level. 3. Carbon credits are primarily traded on commodity exchanges, with India's MCX being the first exchange in Asia to facilitate such trades.

Q44.With reference to the mechanisms available to companies under international climate frameworks, consider the following statements: 1. A company in a developed country can meet its emission reduction targets by helping a company in a developing country adopt eco-friendly technology. 2. When a project in a developing country earns carbon credits with assistance from a developed country company, the entirety of these credits can be transferred to the partner company in the developed country. 3. The Kyoto Protocol established gas emission norms for companies that were to be met by 2012.

Q45.Consider the following statements regarding the quality criteria for a credible carbon offset: 1. The principle of 'additionality' ensures that an emission reduction in one area does not cause an increase in emissions somewhere else. 2. The principle of 'leakage' ensures that the reduction in emissions would not have occurred without the specific carbon finance investment. 3. A credible offset must be retired from the carbon market to prevent it from being counted more than once.

Q46.With reference to Carbon Tax and 'cap and trade' systems, consider the following statements: 1. A carbon tax is generally considered more complex and slower to implement than the 'cap and trade' method due to extensive legalities. 2. Unlike the 'cap and trade' system, a carbon tax is stated to offer greater predictability in energy prices, which can aid investment in alternatives. 3. A key advantage of a carbon tax is its resistance to manipulation by special interest groups due to its inherent simplicity. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q47.Consider the following statements regarding international trade and carbon regulations: Statement I: India has officially stated its intention to challenge any 'border carbon adjustment' measures imposed by developed nations at the World Trade Organization. Statement II: Both the United States and the European Union have discussed imposing tariffs on goods imported from countries with less stringent regulations on greenhouse gas emissions. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q48.Consider the following statements regarding the features and implementation of a Carbon Tax: 1. A carbon tax is levied based on the total energy output of a fuel, irrespective of its carbon content. 2. For effective implementation, a carbon tax is typically introduced at a high rate and then gradually decreased as industries adapt. 3. One of the mechanisms associated with a carbon tax system is the potential for rebates to be issued to the public. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q49.Consider the following statements regarding the impact of climate change on public health: 1. Increased frequency of flooding can lead to the contamination of freshwater supplies, increasing the incidence of diarrhoeal diseases. 2. Warmer climates can enable the geographical expansion of vector-borne diseases like malaria into previously colder, high-altitude regions. 3. Climate change-induced hydrological shifts are projected to primarily affect diarrhoeal disease mortality in developed countries of North America and Europe. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q50.With reference to the health impacts of atmospheric changes, consider the following statements: 1. The primary cause of stratospheric ozone depletion is the accumulation of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and methane. 2. A reduction in stratospheric ozone leads to increased exposure to ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which can elevate the risk of skin cancer. 3. Increased UV radiation resulting from ozone layer depletion is also linked to a higher incidence of eye diseases like cataracts. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q51.Consider the following two statements: Statement-I: Climate change is projected to worsen malnutrition and undernutrition, particularly in many developing countries. Statement-II: Rising temperatures and altered rainfall patterns are expected to decrease crop yields from rain-fed agriculture, a key food source in these regions. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above two statements?

Q52.With reference to the impacts of climate change on Himalayan river systems, consider the following statements: 1. Climate change-induced glacial melt is projected to cause a permanent and sustained increase in summer flows of major Himalayan rivers. 2. Extensive land-use changes, including deforestation and urbanization in the Himalayan region, can contribute to the frequency of hydrological disasters. 3. The phenomenon of significant glacial retreat in the Himalayas has been observed only since the beginning of the 21st century. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q53.Consider the following statements regarding water consumption and availability in India: 1. The agriculture sector is the single largest consumer of water, utilizing more than two-thirds of the total available water. 2. Projections suggest that with the implementation of judicious use policies, the industrial sector will overtake agriculture as the largest water consumer by 2050. 3. The rapid expansion of groundwater abstraction structures has led to falling water tables, threatening the long-term sustainability of this resource. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q54.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Climate change is expected to increase water stress in coastal areas through the salinisation of groundwater aquifers. Statement-II: This salinisation primarily occurs because rising sea levels push the saltwater interface further inland, leading to the intrusion of seawater into freshwater aquifers. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q55.Consider the following statements regarding the impact of climate change on Himalayan river systems: Statement-I: The accelerated retreat of Himalayan glaciers is projected to cause a sustained, long-term increase in the summer flows of major North Indian rivers. Statement-II: As glaciers diminish, the initial increase in meltwater runoff eventually gives way to a reduction in river flows, threatening water security in the long run. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q56.With reference to India's water and food security challenges, consider the following statements: 1. Currently, the industrial sector is the largest consumer of water in India, surpassing the demand from the agricultural sector. 2. Land use changes, such as deforestation and urbanization in the Himalayan region, have been identified as contributing factors to hydrological disasters. 3. Rising sea levels are projected to worsen water scarcity in coastal regions through the increased salinisation of groundwater. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q57.Consider the following phenomena related to India's water resources: 1. A significant increase in the number of groundwater abstraction structures. 2. Historical shifts in the courses of major rivers in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. 3. A decline in the sustainability of groundwater resources due to falling water tables. Which of the above are identified as significant challenges or occurrences impacting water security in India?

Q58.Consider the following statements regarding glacier-fed river systems: Statement-I: In the context of climate change, many glacier-fed Himalayan river systems are projected to experience a temporary increase in their annual water flow. Statement-II: This phenomenon is due to accelerated glacial melting, which will eventually lead to a permanent and sustained increase in the base flow of these rivers as they stabilize. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q59.With reference to water resources in India, consider the following statements: 1. The agricultural sector is the single largest consumer of water, utilizing more than two-thirds of the total available water. 2. Future projections suggest that due to improved efficiency, the industrial sector is expected to surpass the agricultural sector as the largest water consumer. 3. In coastal regions, increased groundwater salinisation is an anticipated consequence of sea-level rise. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q60.Consider the following statements regarding the hydrological characteristics of the Indo-Gangetic Plain and its associated river systems: 1. Extensive land use changes, such as deforestation and urbanization in the Himalayan catchment areas, contribute to an increased frequency of hydrological disasters in the plains. 2. The phenomenon of major rivers like Kosi and Ghaghara avulsing, or changing their course, has been a recurring historical feature in the region. 3. Enhanced sedimentation in rivers, resulting from upstream erosion, generally leads to the deepening of river channels and a subsequent reduction in flood risk. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q61.With reference to groundwater resource management in India, consider the following statements: 1. The industrial sector is currently the largest consumer of water, surpassing the demand from the agricultural sector. 2. An increase in groundwater abstraction structures directly leads to a reduction in the recharging time for underlying water tables. 3. The phenomenon of falling groundwater levels is primarily restricted to the arid and semi-arid regions of the country. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q62.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers due to climate change is projected to cause a long-term, permanent increase in the summer flows of perennial North Indian rivers. Statement-II: Himalayan glaciers are a crucial source of water for the Indus, Ganga, and Brahmaputra river systems, especially during the dry season. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q63.Consider the following statements regarding water resource challenges in India: 1. In coastal regions, sea-level rise is a significant driver of groundwater salinisation, thereby reducing freshwater availability. 2. The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) is a statutory body constituted under the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. 3. Land-use changes such as deforestation and urbanization in the Himalayan region contribute to enhanced sedimentation in rivers and lakes. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q64.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: In the initial decades of accelerated climate change, many glacier-fed Himalayan rivers are projected to experience a temporary increase in summer water flow. Statement-II: This increase is a direct consequence of enhanced glacial melt rates releasing larger volumes of water, a phase that precedes a long-term decline in flow as glacial mass is depleted. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q65.With reference to the impacts of climate change on India's water resources, consider the following statements: 1. Sea-level rise contributes to water stress in coastal regions by causing saline intrusion into freshwater groundwater aquifers. 2. The accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers is expected to cause a permanent and sustained increase in the annual flow of North Indian rivers. 3. Projections indicate that by 2050, the industrial sector will surpass the agricultural sector as the largest consumer of water in India. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q66.Consider the following statements regarding the ecological dynamics of the Himalayan and Indo-Gangetic Plain regions: 1. Extensive land-use changes, including deforestation and urbanization, in the Himalayan region have contributed to an increase in the frequency of hydrological disasters. 2. The phenomenon of river avulsion, or the rapid change in a river's course, is a significant geological process historically observed in multiple rivers of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q67.Consider the following statements regarding the impacts of climate change on India's resources: 1. Increased glacial melt in the Himalayas is expected to permanently augment summer flows in major perennial rivers. 2. Despite potential efficiency improvements, the agriculture sector is projected to remain the single largest consumer of water in India by the mid-21st century. 3. In coastal regions, groundwater salinisation is primarily a consequence of over-extraction for agriculture rather than sea-level rise. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q68.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: In the coming decades, increased glacial melt due to climate change is expected to initially increase summer flows in some Himalayan river systems. Statement-II: Himalayan glaciers, such as the Gangotri, have shown a consistent trend of advancement and expansion in recent decades, enhancing their water-holding capacity.

Q69.Consider the following pairs: 1. Glacial Retreat : Gangotri 2. River Course Shifting : Kosi 3. Groundwater Salinisation : Indo-Gangetic Plain How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q70.Consider the following statements regarding the impact of climate change on Himalayan river systems: Statement-I: The retreat of Himalayan glaciers is expected to cause an immediate and sustained reduction in summer flows of major perennial rivers. Statement-II: Glacial meltwater significantly contributes to river discharge, and the depletion of glaciers will eventually diminish this source, impacting long-term water availability. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q71.With reference to water resources and their consumption in India, consider the following statements: 1. The industrial sector currently accounts for the largest consumption of water, surpassing the agricultural sector. 2. Rising sea levels can contribute to the contamination of freshwater aquifers in coastal areas through salinisation. 3. The falling groundwater levels across the country are primarily a result of a reduction in the recharging time of aquifers. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q72.Consider the following statements regarding the wider impacts of climate and environmental change: 1. Hydrological instability in the Indo-Gangetic Plain has been historically evidenced by the changing courses of several major rivers. 2. A special report by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) highlighted that extreme weather could exacerbate stresses for conflict and disrupt food chains. 3. Anthropogenic land use changes, including deforestation in the Himalayan region, are significant drivers of hydrological disasters. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q73.Consider the following statements regarding groundwater resources and their depletion: 1. Increased urbanisation enhances groundwater recharge due to the construction of extensive storm-water drainage systems. 2. In coastal regions, over-extraction of groundwater can cause the intrusion of freshwater into saline aquifers. 3. The agricultural sector, despite being the largest consumer of water, is projected to see its proportional demand decrease by mid-century. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q74.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: In the near to medium term, climate change may lead to an increase in summer flows for some Himalayan-fed river systems. Statement-II: Accelerated glacial retreat due to rising temperatures initially releases larger volumes of meltwater, augmenting river flows before the glacial storage is depleted. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q75.With reference to water resources management in India, consider the following statements: 1. Land use changes such as deforestation and urbanisation in the Himalayan region have been linked to an increase in the frequency of hydrological disasters. 2. The Central Ground Water Authority (CGWA) was constituted under the provisions of the Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act, 1974. 3. Historically, the phenomenon of major rivers shifting their courses has been observed extensively in the Indo-Gangetic Plain. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q76.With reference to the policy framework for Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) in India, consider the following statements: 1. The framework was introduced by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to accelerate CCUS research and development. 2. It identifies hard-to-abate sectors like steel and cement as primary targets for deep decarbonization using CCUS. 3. The framework recognizes the conversion of captured CO2 into products like green urea and methanol as a key opportunity. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q77.Consider the following statements regarding geologic carbon sequestration technologies: 1. Depleted oil reserves and unmineable mines are considered potential sites for the long-term storage of captured carbon dioxide. 2. Solubility trapping is a mechanism where carbon dioxide is dissolved into subsurface liquids like water or oil. 3. Mineral carbonation involves trapping gaseous carbon dioxide under a low-permeability cap rock, similar to how natural gas is stored. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q78.Consider the following pairs: 1. CCUS Product : Enhanced Oil Recovery 2. Sequestration Type : Mineral Carbonation 3. Natural Sink : Depleted oil reserves How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q79.Consider the following statements regarding geologic carbon sequestration mechanisms: 1. Hydrodynamic trapping involves storing CO2 gas under a high-permeability cap rock to ensure wide dispersion. 2. Mineral carbonation is a process where CO2 reacts with minerals in geologic formations to form stable carbonate compounds. 3. In solubility trapping, CO2 is dissolved into subsurface liquids like water or oil, thereby reducing its mobility. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q80.With reference to the policy framework for Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) in India, consider the following statements: 1. The framework was introduced by the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change to accelerate CCUS research. 2. It identifies hard-to-abate sectors like steel and cement as primary targets for deep decarbonization using CCUS. 3. The framework makes CCUS mandatory for all new industrial projects to achieve national emission reduction targets. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q81.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The 'Utilisation' aspect of Carbon Capture, Utilisation, and Storage (CCUS) aligns with the principles of a circular economy. Statement-II: CCUS technologies enable the conversion of captured carbon dioxide, a waste stream, into value-added products such as fuels, chemicals, and building materials. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q82.With reference to the impacts of climate change on the Indian Himalayan Region, consider the following statements: 1. The ecosystem is a critical source of perennial rivers that support the agricultural economies of India and its immediate neighbors. 2. The phenomenon of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) is projected to increase, primarily in the Western Himalayan sub-regions. 3. The Himalayan glaciers represent the largest concentration of frozen water outside the Arctic and Antarctic regions. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q83.Consider the following statements regarding the impact of climate change on marine ecosystems: Statement-I: Increasing concentration of atmospheric carbon dioxide is a major driver of coral bleaching and poses a threat to shell-forming marine organisms. Statement-II: The absorption of excess carbon dioxide by oceans increases the water's pH, making it more alkaline and thereby inhibiting calcification. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q84.Consider the following pairs: Threat Phenomenon : Affected Ecosystem 1. Ocean Acidification : Peninsular River Ecosystem 2. Increased GLOFs : Eastern Himalayan Ecosystem 3. Desertification : Arid and Semi-arid Ecosystem How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q85.With reference to climate change and biodiversity loss, consider the following statements: 1. According to the IUCN, approximately one-fifth of the world's most vulnerable natural areas may face catastrophic species loss. 2. The inability of many species to migrate to new suitable habitats at a pace matching climate-induced changes is a primary driver of extinction risk. 3. Mangrove ecosystems act as natural barriers against coastal flooding and function as significant carbon sinks. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q86.Consider the following statements regarding Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in the Himalayan region: 1. GLOFs are characterized by a sudden and severe release of water from a moraine-dammed lake. 2. The Western Himalayas are considered more vulnerable to GLOF events compared to the Eastern Himalayas due to higher seismic activity. 3. An increase in the rate of glacial melting due to climate change directly contributes to the formation and expansion of glacial lakes. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q87.With reference to the institutional framework for managing Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) risks in India, consider the following statements: 1. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the sole agency responsible for issuing GLOF early warnings across the Himalayan states. 2. The Geological Survey of India (GSI) is primarily tasked with the inventory and monitoring of glacial lakes and water bodies in the Himalayan region. 3. The Central Water Commission (CWC) is responsible for structural measures like dam construction and river channel management downstream of potential GLOF paths. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q88.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The accelerated melting of Himalayan glaciers poses a long-term threat to the agricultural productivity and water security of the Indo-Gangetic plains. Statement-II: The perennial rivers of the Indo-Gangetic plains are primarily monsoon-fed and their flow is largely independent of glacial meltwater contributions. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q89.Consider the following statements regarding climate-induced disasters in the Himalayan region: Statement-I: The frequency of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) is projected to increase in the eastern and central Himalayas. Statement-II: This increase is primarily driven by the rapid accumulation of seasonal snowpack, which enhances the structural integrity of moraine dams holding back glacial lakes. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q90.With reference to the ecological characteristics and disaster management framework of the Indian Himalayan Region, consider the following statements: 1. The Himalayan mountain ranges are recognized globally as a 'biodiversity hotspot' due to their high species richness and endemism. 2. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the primary nodal agency for generating and issuing scientific forecasts for GLOF risks and glacial melt rates. 3. Mangrove forests, typically found in coastal areas, can be effectively cultivated at high altitudes in the Himalayas to act as natural barriers against landslides. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q91.With reference to the impacts of climate change on India's diverse ecosystems, consider the following statements: 1. Ocean acidification negatively impacts shell-forming organisms by reducing the concentration of available carbonate ions. 2. The melting of Himalayan glaciers, while posing flood risks, is also a key factor contributing to the perennial flow of major North Indian rivers. 3. The phenomenon of desertification exclusively leads to increased aridity and a reduction in all forms of precipitation in the affected regions. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q92.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The frequency, duration, and intensity of Marine Heatwaves have shown a significant increasing trend in recent decades across global oceans. Statement-II: The primary driver for these events is the absorption of excess atmospheric heat by the ocean's surface layer, compounded by atmospheric conditions that suppress vertical mixing. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q93.With reference to the ecological impacts of Marine Heatwaves (MHWs), consider the following statements: 1. They are a primary trigger for mass coral bleaching events by causing the expulsion of symbiotic algae. 2. They often lead to the collapse of kelp forests, which are foundational species in cooler marine environments. 3. They are a direct cause of ocean acidification by increasing the rate of carbonic acid formation. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q94.Consider the following statements regarding Marine Heatwaves (MHWs) in the context of India: 1. The coral ecosystems of Lakshadweep and the Andaman & Nicobar Islands are particularly susceptible to MHW-induced mass bleaching. 2. The Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services (INCOIS) is the nodal agency for operational monitoring and forecasting of MHWs. 3. Pre-monsoon MHWs in the Bay of Bengal can significantly modulate the intensity and progression of the Indian Summer Monsoon. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q95.With reference to the management of Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) in India, consider the following statements: 1. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) is the sole agency responsible for both forecasting and implementing structural mitigation measures for GLOFs. 2. The Central Water Commission (CWC) is primarily tasked with identifying and monitoring potentially dangerous glacial lakes using remote sensing technologies. 3. The India Meteorological Department (IMD) provides specific site-level forecasts for glacial lake stability and outburst probability. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q96.Consider the following statements regarding Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs): 1. They are typically triggered by the failure of a moraine or ice dam that impounds a glacial lake. 2. The risk of GLOFs is primarily concentrated in the Western Himalayas due to higher rates of glacial accumulation. 3. An earthquake or heavy rainfall can act as a catalyst for the breach of an unstable moraine dam. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q97.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The formation of new glacial lakes and the expansion of existing ones in high-mountain regions have been observed at an accelerated rate. Statement-II: Anthropogenic climate change is causing rapid retreat and thinning of glaciers, creating depressions that get filled with meltwater. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q98.With reference to high-altitude multilateral dialogues concerning mountain ecosystems, consider the following statements: 1. Such forums are typically initiated by a host nation to address shared environmental and developmental challenges. 2. A primary objective of these dialogues is to establish legally binding frameworks for transboundary resource management. 3. The scope of discussions is often limited to disaster risk reduction, particularly glacial lake outburst floods. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q99.Consider the following statements regarding the biodiversity of the Himalayan ecosystem: 1. The Snow Leopard, a flagship species of the high Himalayas, is found exclusively within the political boundaries of India and Nepal. 2. Habitat fragmentation due to infrastructure development and climate change is a primary threat to the connectivity of wildlife populations in the region. 3. The establishment of transboundary conservation areas is a recognized strategy to facilitate the movement of wide-ranging species across national borders. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q100.Consider the following pairs regarding phenomena associated with the Himalayan cryosphere: 1. Black Carbon : Increases glacial albedo 2. Glacial Lake Outburst Flood : Moraine dam failure 3. Himalayan Perennial Rivers : Primarily monsoon-fed How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q101.Consider the following statements regarding the Himalayan ecosystem: 1. The ecosystem's glacial meltwaters are a primary source for perennial rivers vital to the Indo-Gangetic plains. 2. An increase in Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) is a predicted consequence of climate change, primarily in the Western Himalayas. 3. The ecosystem's transboundary rivers provide critical water resources to India, China, Pakistan, and Nepal. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q102.Statement-I: Increased atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration poses a significant threat to marine shell-forming organisms and coral reefs. Statement-II: The dissolution of excess carbon dioxide in ocean water leads to a decrease in pH, which hinders the process of calcification used by these organisms.

Q103.Consider the following pairs: Phenomenon : Primary Mechanism/Description 1. Glacial Lake Outburst Floods : Catastrophic downstream flooding from moraine-dammed lakes. 2. Ocean Acidification : Expulsion of symbiotic algae from coral tissues due to thermal stress. 3. Desertification : Land degradation in arid and semi-arid regions leading to loss of biological productivity. How many pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q104.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: The Himalayan region is witnessing an accelerated rate of glacial melt and an increase in the number and size of glacial lakes. Statement-II: The deposition of atmospheric black carbon and dust on glaciers enhances their surface albedo, leading to increased reflection of solar radiation. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q105.Consider the following statements regarding Glacial Lake Outburst Floods (GLOFs) and their management in the Himalayan context: 1. GLOFs are low-frequency, high-magnitude hydrogeological hazards primarily caused by the failure of moraine or ice dams. 2. The National Mission on Sustaining the Himalayan Ecosystem (NMSHE) is exclusively focused on biodiversity conservation and afforestation, excluding cryospheric studies. 3. The destructive impact of a GLOF is generally confined to the upper reaches of the mountain valley, with minimal risk to downstream infrastructure and populations. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q106.With reference to the monitoring and mitigation of risks associated with glacial lakes in India, consider the following statements: 1. The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) has issued detailed guidelines for reducing risks from GLOFs, including the identification of vulnerable lakes. 2. The Central Water Commission (CWC) is the sole nodal agency for the operational forecasting and early warning of all flood types, including GLOFs. 3. Structural measures for GLOF risk mitigation can include siphoning water from the lake and creating controlled breach channels. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q107.Consider the following statements regarding the impact of rapid sea-level rise on coral reef ecosystems: Statement-I: Rapid and significant sea-level rise can lead to the 'drowning' of coral reefs, even in the absence of thermal bleaching events. Statement-II: The symbiotic zooxanthellae within corals are photosynthetic organisms requiring access to sunlight, which is diminished as water depth increases. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q108.With reference to the causes and consequences of sea-level rise, consider the following statements: 1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) predicts that accelerated ice sheet disintegration could lead to rapid sea-level rise. 2. Rising sea levels can lead to increased salinity in coastal aquifers, diminishing freshwater supplies for coastal communities. 3. Healthy coral reef structures help in dissipating wave energy, thereby offering natural protection to coastlines from storm surges and erosion. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q109.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Recent trends indicate a potential increase in the intensity of tropical storms and cyclones in regions like the Bay of Bengal. Statement-II: Warmer sea surface temperatures provide the necessary heat energy and moisture that act as the primary fuel for the formation and intensification of cyclonic systems. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q110.With reference to the impacts of sea-level rise on coastal ecosystems and human settlements in India, consider the following statements: 1. Coral reef ecosystems are highly resilient to changes in sea salinity and temperature, allowing them to adapt easily to coastal inundation. 2. The economic and geographical impacts of sea-level rise are projected to be uniformly distributed across all Indian coastal states. 3. Coastal inundation can lead to saltwater intrusion, diminishing the availability of freshwater in coastal aquifers. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q111.Consider the following statements regarding mangrove ecosystems in the context of increasing cyclonic threats: 1. Mangrove forests serve as effective natural barriers that dissipate the energy of storm surges, thereby protecting coastal communities. 2. The specialized root systems of mangroves, such as pneumatophores, are adapted for permanent and deep inundation from rapid sea-level rise. 3. In India, natural mangrove forests are found exclusively along the coasts of West Bengal and Odisha. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q112.Statement I: The frequent inundation of coastal areas by seawater can lead to the large-scale die-off of terrestrial trees, creating 'ghost forests'. Statement II: High soil salinity disrupts the osmotic potential, impairing the ability of non-adapted plants to absorb water through their roots, leading to physiological drought.

Q113.With reference to the ecological impacts of rising sea levels on coastal vegetation, consider the following statements: 1. Mangrove species possess specialized root structures like pneumatophores that help them survive in oxygen-poor, waterlogged soils. 2. The formation of 'ghost forests' is characterized by the death of salt-intolerant tree species due to saltwater intrusion. 3. The decay of dead trees in newly formed ghost forests results in a significant, long-term sequestration of carbon in coastal soils. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q114.Consider the following consequences of increased coastal flooding and saltwater intrusion: 1. A landward migration of salt-tolerant ecosystems like salt marshes. 2. A decrease in freshwater availability in coastal aquifers. 3. An increase in soil stability and sediment accretion along the immediate coastline. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q115.With reference to the mechanisms of carbon markets, consider the following statements: 1. A single carbon credit represents a tradeable permit for emitting one tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent. 2. Historically, developing countries have been major sellers of carbon credits, while developed nations have been the primary buyers. 3. Carbon credits are exclusively traded through inter-governmental agreements under United Nations frameworks and are not listed on private commodity exchanges. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q116.Consider the following statements regarding carbon offsetting: Statement-I: A business can achieve carbon neutrality by financing projects in other locations, such as replacing kerosene lamps with solar panels in a rural community. Statement-II: For an offset to be credible, it must prove 'additionality', which confirms that the financed emission reduction would have happened anyway, even without the external investment. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q117.Consider the following pairs regarding the quality criteria for carbon offset projects: 1. Additionality : An emission reduction in one area causes an unintended increase in emissions elsewhere. 2. Leakage : The assurance that the benefits of an emission reduction project are not temporary or reversible. 3. Permanence : The principle that the emission reduction would not have occurred without the incentive from the offset market. How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q118.Consider the following criteria for evaluating the credibility of carbon offset projects: 1. Additionality: The emission reduction would have occurred even without the financial incentive from the carbon offset purchase. 2. Permanence: The project ensures that the emission reductions are long-lasting and not reversed at a later stage. 3. Leakage: The project does not inadvertently cause an increase in emissions in another location or sector. How many of the above statements are correctly defined?

Q119.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: A carbon credit is a tradeable permit allowing the holder to emit a specific quantity of greenhouse gases, typically one tonne of CO2 equivalent. Statement-II: Carbon offsetting involves financing projects that reduce emissions elsewhere, thereby generating carbon credits that can be traded on commodity exchanges. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q120.With reference to carbon market mechanisms, consider the following statements: 1. Under mechanisms established by international climate agreements, a company in a developed country can invest in an emission-reduction project in a developing country to earn carbon credits. 2. A carbon credit is a financial instrument representing a reduction or removal of one tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases. 3. In India, carbon credits are exclusively traded by government agencies and are not permitted on private commodity exchanges. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q121.Consider the following statements regarding the quality criteria for a credible carbon offset project: 1. Additionality: This principle ensures that the emission reduction from the project would have occurred even without the financial incentive from the offset market. 2. Permanence: This refers to the long-term durability of the emission reduction, ensuring it is not reversed or temporary. 3. Leakage: This addresses the risk that an emission reduction activity in one area might cause an unintentional increase in emissions elsewhere. How many of the above statements are correct?

Q122.With reference to the mechanisms of carbon credits, consider the following statements: 1. A carbon credit is a tradeable certificate representing the right to emit a specified quantity of carbon dioxide or its equivalent. 2. A company in a developed country can invest in an emission reduction project in a developing country and use the earned credits to help meet its emission targets. 3. India's Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX) was the first exchange in the world to facilitate the trading of carbon credits. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q123.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: Carbon offsetting allows a business to compensate for its own emissions by financing projects, such as renewable energy installations in other locations, that reduce greenhouse gas emissions. Statement-II: The primary legal basis for all international carbon offsetting projects is the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, which mandates Indian entities to purchase such offsets. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q124.With reference to market-based mechanisms for environmental conservation, consider the following statements: 1. A carbon credit is earned when an entity's emissions are one tonne less than the prescribed standard. 2. For a carbon offset to be credible, it must be 'additional', meaning the emission reduction would have occurred even without the project financing. 3. 'Leakage' in a carbon project refers to the emission reduction in one area causing an increase in emissions elsewhere. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q125.Consider the following statements regarding the global carbon market: Statement-I: Developing countries have often been major sellers of carbon credits, while developed countries have been major buyers. Statement-II: The cost of implementing emission reduction technologies and projects is typically uniform across both developed and developing economies. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q126.Regarding the framework for carbon trading, consider the following statements: 1. The Kyoto Protocol under the UNFCCC framework allows companies to meet emission targets by investing in eco-friendly technology in other nations. 2. In India, carbon credits are recognized as a tradable commodity on exchanges like the Multi Commodity Exchange (MCX). 3. The World Bank is the sole authority responsible for verifying that carbon offsets are not double-counted in the global market. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q127.Consider the following statements regarding the market mechanisms for carbon credits: 1. Historically, developed countries have been the primary buyers of carbon credits, while certain developing nations have been the primary sellers. 2. In India, carbon credits are regulated and traded as a commodity primarily under the oversight of the Securities and Exchange Board of India (SEBI). 3. A single carbon credit represents a tradable permit to emit one tonne of carbon dioxide or its equivalent in other greenhouse gases. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q128.Consider the following statements regarding carbon offsetting: Statement-I: Carbon offsetting enables a business to fund an emission-reducing project, such as a renewable energy facility in another location, to compensate for its own unavoidable emissions. Statement-II: The economic viability of such offsetting mechanisms relies on the principle that the marginal cost of greenhouse gas abatement is uniform across all geographical regions and industries. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q129.For a carbon offset to be considered credible, it must meet several quality criteria. With reference to these criteria, consider the following statements: 1. The 'additionality' criterion ensures that the emission reduction would not have occurred in the absence of the revenue from the sale of offsets. 2. The 'leakage' criterion addresses the risk that an emission-reducing activity in one area could inadvertently shift emissions to another area. 3. The 'permanence' criterion requires that once a credit is sold, it is retired from the market to prevent it from being counted by another entity. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q130.Consider the following statements regarding the framework for a national carbon market in India: 1. The scheme is primarily administered by the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) under the direct aegis of the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC). 2. It establishes a compliance market, making it mandatory for certain notified entities to meet specified greenhouse gas emission reduction targets. 3. The tradable instruments generated under this framework are designated as Carbon Credit Certificates. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q131.This question consists of two statements, Statement-I and Statement-II. Statement-I: A 'Cap-and-Trade' system for carbon emissions provides certainty about the price of carbon but not the quantity of emission reductions. Statement-II: In a 'Cap-and-Trade' system, the government sets a firm limit on total emissions, and market forces of supply and demand determine the price of emission allowances.

Q132.With reference to different types of carbon markets, consider the following statements: 1. Compliance carbon markets are established by governmental regulations that legally mandate certain entities to reduce their emissions. 2. Voluntary carbon markets operate outside of compliance schemes, allowing organizations and individuals to purchase carbon credits to offset their emissions for corporate social responsibility or other personal goals. 3. Carbon credits generated within a voluntary market are automatically fungible and can be used for compliance in any regulated national market. Which of the statements given above are correct?

Q133.Consider the following statements regarding international trade measures related to climate change, such as 'Border Carbon Adjustments': 1. These measures typically involve imposing a charge on imported goods equivalent to the carbon price they would have faced if produced under the domestic climate policy. 2. A primary objective of such measures is to prevent 'carbon leakage', where industries move to jurisdictions with less stringent environmental regulations. 3. International disputes arising from the imposition of such border taxes are primarily adjudicated by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the UNFCCC. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q134.Consider the following statements regarding the institutional framework for the carbon market in India: 1. The framework for the carbon credit trading scheme is established under the provisions of the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986. 2. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) functions as the administrator of the Indian Carbon Market. 3. The Central Electricity Regulatory Commission (CERC) is tasked with regulating the trading of carbon credit certificates. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q135.With reference to carbon pricing mechanisms, consider the following statements: 1. A carbon tax provides greater certainty about the final cost of emissions for industries than a cap-and-trade system. 2. A cap-and-trade system provides greater certainty about the total quantity of emissions reduction to be achieved. 3. In a cap-and-trade system, the price of emission allowances is fixed by the government to prevent market volatility. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q136.Consider the following statements: Statement-I: A carbon tax is often considered simpler to implement and less susceptible to manipulation by special interest groups compared to a cap-and-trade system. Statement-II: A carbon tax establishes a uniform price on emissions across the economy, avoiding the need to create and regulate a complex market for tradable permits. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q137.With reference to international trade and climate policy, consider the following statements: 1. 'Border Carbon Adjustments' refer to tariffs imposed by importing countries on goods from nations with less stringent emission regulations. 2. India has officially proposed the use of such adjustments at the World Trade Organization to level the playing field. 3. The compatibility of Border Carbon Adjustments with WTO rules is a settled and non-contentious issue. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Q138.Consider the following statements regarding Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs): Statement-I: Luminescent Solar Concentrators (LSCs) are considered highly suitable for building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), particularly in regions with significant cloud cover. Statement-II: LSCs operate by concentrating only direct solar radiation using mirrored surfaces, which necessitates continuous sun-tracking systems for optimal efficiency. Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Q139.With reference to the International Solar Alliance (ISA), consider the following statements: 1. The ISA framework is open exclusively to countries located entirely between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn. 2. Its primary objective is to serve as the principal platform for international cooperation on all forms of renewable energy. 3. The permanent secretariat of the ISA is headquartered in Abu Dhabi, UAE. How many of the statements given above are correct?

Q140.Consider the following pairs: Technology/Initiative : Core Mechanism/Component 1. Photovoltaic Electricity : Direct conversion of photons to electrons in semiconductor layers. 2. Concentrated Solar Power : Using mirrored surfaces to heat a fluid for steam generation. 3. One Sun One World One Grid : A technology using fuel cells for transnational power supply. How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Q141.With reference to sources of energy, consider the following statements: 1. All renewable energy sources, by definition, are constantly replenished and do not contribute to any form of pollution. 2. Co-generation involves producing two forms of energy, such as electricity and heat, from a single fuel source. 3. Geothermal energy harnessed from sources like magma and natural geysers is classified as a primary, renewable energy source. Which of the statements given above is/are correct?