Question 1

With reference to India's GHG inventory for the year 2021, consider the following statements:
1. The agriculture sector was the largest contributor to emissions among all sectors.
2. The contribution of the waste sector to the national GHG inventory was greater than that of the industrial processes and product use sector.
3. Carbon sink action from forests and croplands offset more than one-fifth of the total emissions.

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. The energy sector was the prime contributor to emissions. The agriculture sector contributed 18%. Statement 2 is incorrect. The industrial processes and product use sector contributed 8%, whereas the waste sector contributed 3%. Therefore, the contribution of the industrial sector was greater than that of the waste sector. Statement 3 is incorrect. About 15% of emissions were offset by carbon sink action of forests and croplands. 15% is less than one-fifth (20%). Therefore, none of the statements are correct.

Question 2

Consider the following statements regarding observed climate and weather changes in India:
1. A consistent warming trend has been observed across all geographical regions of India, including the north-west.
2. While regional variations exist, the observed monsoon rainfall at the all-India level shows a significant decreasing trend over the last century.
3. The incidence of severe storms has shown a declining trend along the coasts of both West Bengal and Gujarat.

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. While a warming trend has been observed in many parts of India, cooling trends have been observed in north-west India and parts of south India. The trend is not consistent across all regions. Statement 2 is incorrect. The observed monsoon rainfall at the all-India level does not show any significant trend. Statement 3 is incorrect. An overall increasing trend in severe storm incidence has been observed. Specifically, the states of West Bengal and Gujarat have reported increasing trends, not declining ones. Therefore, none of the statements are correct.

Question 3

Consider the following statements regarding India's position on climate change:
1. India's primary policy focus is on 'mitigation', with 'adaptation' being a secondary concern.
2. India's National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC has established a firm causal link between observed regional climate changes and anthropogenic warming.
3. India's per capita GHG emissions in 2020 were significantly higher than the world's per capita emissions.

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. India's primary focus is on 'adaptation', with a specific focus for 'mitigation'. The statement reverses this priority. Statement 2 is incorrect. No firm link between the documented changes and warming due to anthropogenic climate change has yet been established by the NATCOM. Statement 3 is incorrect. India's per capita GHG emission in 2020 was less than one-third of the world's per capita emissions. Therefore, none of the statements are correct.

Question 4

Consider the following statements regarding the timeline of global climate governance:
1. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established by the UN General Assembly in 1990.
2. The Berlin Mandate, which laid the groundwork for the Kyoto Protocol, was established at the first Conference of the Parties (COP).
3. The Kyoto Protocol, adopted in 1997, entered into force before the European Union Emissions Trading Scheme was launched.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) was established in 1988 by the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). The UN General Assembly established the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) in 1990. Statement 2 is correct. The first Conference of the Parties (COP) in Berlin in 1995 established the Berlin Mandate, which created a process to negotiate strengthened commitments for developed countries, thereby laying the groundwork for the Kyoto Protocol. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Kyoto Protocol entered into force in 2005. The European Union Emissions Trading Scheme was launched in 2005, but the text specifies its launch without stating it was after the Protocol's entry into force. However, the key error is the sequence; the Protocol did not enter into force *before* the EU ETS was launched in the same year. The text lists the EU ETS launch (2005) before the Kyoto Protocol's entry into force (2005).

Question 5

Consider the following pairs:
1. UNFCCC Secretariat : Permanent location in Geneva
2. Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA) : Nairobi Work Programme
3. Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) : Established by the IPCC
4. Conference of the Parties (COP) : Annual meeting of UNFCCC Parties
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only two pairs. Pair 1 is incorrectly matched. The UNFCCC secretariat was initially in Geneva but relocated to Bonn in 1996, which became its permanent home. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The twelfth Conference of the Parties in Kenya resulted in the creation of the Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (SBSTA), which was mandated to undertake the Nairobi Work Programme (NWP). Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The UN General Assembly, not the IPCC, established the Intergovernmental Negotiating Committee (INC) for a Framework Convention on Climate Change in 1990. Pair 4 is correctly matched. The Parties to the UNFCCC meet annually at the Conference of the Parties (COP) to negotiate multilateral responses to climate change.

Question 6

With reference to the UNFCCC and its associated mechanisms, consider the following statements:
1. The UNFCCC was adopted as a multilateral legal instrument at the Rio Earth Summit, alongside the Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification.
2. The Marrakech Accords established the operational rulebook for the Kyoto Protocol, including rules for the Clean Development Mechanism.
3. The Clean Development Mechanism is a key mechanism established under the original 1992 UNFCCC framework to facilitate emissions trading.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. The United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) was adopted in 1992 at the UN Conference on Environment and Development in Rio de Janeiro, along with its two 'sister Conventions': the UN Convention on Biological Diversity and the Convention to Combat Desertification. Statement 2 is correct. The seventh COP resulted in the Marrakech Accords, which formalized the agreement on the operational rules for mechanisms under the Kyoto Protocol, including International Emissions Trading, the Clean Development Mechanism, and Joint Implementation. Statement 3 is incorrect. The Clean Development Mechanism is a key mechanism under the Kyoto Protocol (1997), not the original UNFCCC framework (1992). It was opened for business in 2006.

Question 7

With reference to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) conferences, consider the following statements:
1. The Doha Amendment, which launched the second commitment period of the Kyoto Protocol, was adopted during the Seventeenth Conference of the Parties (COP 17) in Durban.
2. The 'Katowice Climate Package' was adopted to operationalize the implementation guidelines and regime contained in the 2015 Paris Agreement.
3. The 'Talanoa Dialogue' was launched during the first-ever COP to be presided over by a small island developing state.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Doha Amendment was adopted during the Eighteenth Conference of the Parties (COP 18) in 2012, not at COP 17 in Durban. The Durban conference (COP 17) in 2011 launched the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action. Statement 2 is correct. The 'Katowice Climate Package', adopted in Poland, provided a robust set of guidelines to operationalize the climate change regime established by the Paris Agreement. Statement 3 is correct. The 2017 UN Climate Change Conference (COP 23) was presided over by Fiji, a small island developing state. During this conference, the 'Talanoa Dialogue' was launched to help set the stage for revising national climate action plans upwards.

Question 8

Consider the following statements regarding climate change actions and mechanisms:
1. The Nazca Climate Action Portal was established by the UNFCCC to serve as the main multilateral financing mechanism for climate action in developing countries.
2. The Paris Agreement mandates that all Parties must regularly report on their emissions and implementation efforts as part of their Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs).
3. The Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action was created with the objective of developing a new universal climate agreement for the period after 2020.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Nazca Climate Action Portal's function is to increase the visibility of climate actions undertaken by non-state actors like cities, regions, companies, and investors. It is not a financing mechanism. The text mentions that over time, a separate mechanism is expected to become the main multilateral financing mechanism. Statement 2 is correct. The Paris Agreement includes requirements for all Parties to put forward NDCs and to report regularly on their emissions and their implementation progress. Statement 3 is correct. The commitment made at the Seventeenth Conference of the Parties (COP 17) for a new universal climate change agreement led directly to the launch of the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action to fulfill this mandate.

Question 9

Consider the following pairs:
(Outcome/Initiative : Primary Function/Context)
1. Warsaw Outcomes : A rule book for reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD).
2. Marrakech Partnership : A special initiative of the UNFCCC known as 'Momentum for Change'.
3. Talanoa Dialogue : Setting the stage for revising national climate action plans upwards.
4. Katowice Climate Package : Operationalizing the climate change regime of the Paris Agreement.

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only three pairs. Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Nineteenth Conference of the Parties resulted in the Warsaw Outcomes, which included a rule book for REDD. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The Marrakech Partnership for Global Climate Action was launched at COP 22 to demonstrate that implementation of the Paris Agreement was underway. 'Momentum for Change' is a separate special initiative of the UNFCCC, mentioned in the context of COP 23 outcomes. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Talanoa Dialogue was launched at COP 23 to help countries prepare for the upward revision of their national climate action plans. Pair 4 is correctly matched. The Katowice Climate Package, adopted in Poland, was specifically designed to operationalize the regime contained in the Paris Agreement by providing a robust set of implementation guidelines.

Question 10

With reference to recent climate pledges, consider the following statements:
1. The Global Methane Pledge requires signatory countries to collectively cut their methane emissions by 30% between 2020 and 2030.
2. The declaration on accelerating the transition to 100% zero-emission cars and vans is a legally binding agreement for all signatory countries, cities, and manufacturers.
3. The Glasgow Climate Pact was an agreement reached among all 197 parties to the UNFCCC to accelerate climate action and complete the Paris Rulebook.

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. The Global Methane Pledge, led by the US and the European Commission, asks countries to reduce their methane emissions by 30% over the period 2020-2030. Statement 2 is incorrect. The declaration concerning the transition to zero-emission cars and vans is explicitly stated as not being legally binding. Statement 3 is correct. The Glasgow Climate Pact was the concluding agreement of COP26, and all 197 parties to the UNFCCC agreed to it, thereby completing the Paris Rulebook and setting goals for accelerating climate action.

Question 11

Consider the following statements regarding the outcomes of the Glasgow COP26:
1. The Glasgow Climate Pact calls for a complete 'phase-out' of all unabated coal power.
2. The Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ) signatories are obligated to use science-based guidelines to achieve net-zero carbon emissions by 2050.
3. The pact confirmed that the target for developed nations to provide $100 billion in annual climate finance by 2020 was successfully met.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Glasgow Climate Pact calls for a 'phasedown' of unabated coal power, not a complete 'phase-out'. This wording was a point of significant negotiation. Statement 2 is correct. Under the terms of the Glasgow Financial Alliance for Net Zero (GFANZ), its members must commit to using 'science-based guidelines' to reach net-zero emissions by 2050. Statement 3 is incorrect. The pact notes that rich nations failed to meet the $100 billion annual climate finance target for 2020 and 'urges' them to meet it urgently.

Question 12

Consider the following pairs:
Initiative : Primary Objective/Lead
1. Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance : A managed transition away from oil and gas production.
2. Sharm El-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda : Led by the UK and Indonesia to support sustainable trade.
3. African Carbon Market Initiative : To support carbon credit production and job creation.

Accepted Answer

Only two pairs are correctly matched. Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Beyond Oil and Gas Alliance seeks to deliver a managed and just transition away from oil and gas production. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The Sharm El-Sheikh Adaptation Agenda is led by the governments of Denmark and Costa Rica, not the UK and Indonesia. The initiative led by the UK and Indonesia is the 'Forest, Agriculture and commodity trade' declaration. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The African Carbon Market Initiative (ACMI) was introduced to support the production of carbon credits and the creation of jobs in Africa.

Question 13

With reference to the Kyoto Protocol, consider the following statements:
1. The major distinction between the UNFCCC and the Kyoto Protocol is that the Protocol introduced the principle of “common but differentiated responsibility” for the first time.
2. The Protocol became legally binding on its signatories immediately upon its adoption in Kyoto in 1997.
3. The Protocol commits all developing countries to binding emission reduction targets, recognizing their rapid industrial growth.

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. The major distinction is that the Convention encouraged industrialized countries to stabilize GHG emissions, while the Protocol commits them to do so. The principle of “common but differentiated responsibility” is central to the protocol, but its introduction is not the primary distinction mentioned.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The Kyoto Protocol was adopted on 11 December 1997, but it only entered into force on 16 February 2005, due to a complex ratification process.
Statement 3 is incorrect. The Kyoto Protocol sets binding emission reduction targets for 37 industrialized countries and the European community. It only binds developed countries because it recognizes that they are largely responsible for the current high levels of GHG emissions.

Question 14

Consider the following statements regarding the market mechanisms of the Kyoto Protocol:
1. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows an industrialized country to fulfill its commitments by implementing an emission-reduction project in another industrialized country.
2. Joint Implementation (JI) is designed for projects in developing countries, providing them with a standardized offset instrument called Certified Emission Reduction (CER) credits.
3. Under these mechanisms, greenhouse gas emissions are treated as a tradable commodity, allowing countries to meet a part of their targets through the trade of emissions permits.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows a country with an emission-reduction commitment (an Annex B Party) to implement a project in a developing country, not another industrialized country.
Statement 2 is incorrect. This statement incorrectly describes Joint Implementation; it is the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) that is the first global environmental investment and credit scheme providing CERs for projects in developing countries. Joint Implementation (JI) offers Parties with commitments a flexible means of fulfilling part of their obligations, benefiting the host Party with investment and technology transfer.
Statement 3 is correct. The Protocol internalized an unpriced externality by treating greenhouse gas emissions as a new commodity. It established flexible market mechanisms based on the trade of emissions permits, allowing countries to meet part of their targets through these mechanisms.

Question 15

Consider the following statements about the architecture and commitments of the Kyoto Protocol:
1. Countries bound by Kyoto Protocol targets are mandated to meet them exclusively through domestic action to ensure national accountability.
2. The Protocol's emission reduction targets for the first commitment period (2008-2012) represented an average five per cent reduction compared to 2005 levels.
3. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) primarily facilitated projects in sectors like agriculture and waste handling in developed nations due to their advanced technological infrastructure.

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. Countries bound to targets have to meet them largely through domestic action, but they can meet part of their targets through the three flexible market-based mechanisms.
Statement 2 is incorrect. The targets for the first commitment period add up to an average five per cent emissions reduction compared to 1990 levels, not 2005 levels.
Statement 3 is incorrect. The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) allows for emission-reduction projects in developing countries. Most of the CDM projects were implemented in developing countries like China and India.

Question 16

With reference to the Copenhagen Accord, consider the following statements:
1. It is a legally binding agreement that commits all signatory nations to specific emission reduction targets.
2. It was formulated by the BASIC countries (Brazil, South Africa, India, China) and the United States.
3. It agrees on a goal for developed countries to mobilize $100 billion per year by 2020 for climate action.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Copenhagen Accord is a non-binding agreement. While it sets a goal to limit global temperature increase, it does not establish legally binding emission reduction targets for all signatories; developing countries agree to pursue mitigation strategies but are not committed to reducing their carbon output. Statement 2 is correct. The summit concluded with the CoP taking note of the Copenhagen Accord, which is described as a five-nation accord involving the BASIC countries and the US. Statement 3 is correct. The Accord includes an agreement on a 'goal' for the world to raise $100 billion per year by 2020.

Question 17

Consider the following statements regarding the Cancun Agreements:
1. Under these agreements, only industrialized countries are required to report their voluntary mitigation goals for international measurement and verification.
2. A registry was established to record and match developing country mitigation actions with financial and technological support from industrialized countries.
3. The agreements mandate that developing countries must publish progress reports on their mitigation actions every two years.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Cancun Agreements specify that all parties to the Convention, which includes both developed and developing countries, have agreed to report their voluntary mitigation goals for implementation. Statement 2 is correct. The agreements provide for a registry to be set up to record developing country mitigation actions and match them to finance and technology support provided by industrialized countries. Statement 3 is correct. The agreements stipulate that developing countries are to publish progress reports every two years.

Question 18

Consider the following pairs:

(Outcome : Climate Summit)
1. Launch of the Adaptation Fund : Bali Meet
2. Establishment of a mechanism for REDD-plus : Copenhagen Summit
3. Official recognition of developing country mitigation actions : Cancun Summit

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only two pairs. Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Bali Road Map, adopted at the Bali Meet, included the launch of the Adaptation Fund. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The Bali Road Map, not the Copenhagen Summit, included decisions on reducing emissions from deforestation and recognized the need to establish a mechanism like REDD-plus. The Copenhagen Summit resulted in a non-binding Accord. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The Cancun Agreements officially recognized developing country actions to reduce emissions under the multilateral process.

Question 19

With reference to the Green Climate Fund (GCF), consider the following statements:
1. It was established as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention under Article 11.
2. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was invited by the Conference of the Parties (COP) to serve as the interim trustee of the GCF.
3. The GCF supports projects and programmes related exclusively to climate change adaptation in developing countries.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is correct. The Green Climate Fund (GCF) was established at COP 16 as an operating entity of the financial mechanism of the Convention under Article 11. Statement 2 is incorrect. The World Bank, not the Global Environment Facility, was invited by the COP to serve as the interim trustee of the GCF. Statement 3 is incorrect. The GCF's area of focus includes Adaptation, Mitigation (general), and Mitigation related to REDD, not exclusively adaptation.

Question 20

Consider the following statements regarding the Adaptation Fund:
1. It was established to finance adaptation projects in developing country Parties to the Paris Agreement.
2. The fund is financed by a 2% share of proceeds from Certified Emission Reductions (CERs) issued for a Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) project.
3. The Adaptation Fund Board (AFB) is composed of 16 members and is supported by a secretariat provided by the World Bank.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Adaptation Fund was established to finance projects and programmes in developing country Parties to the Kyoto Protocol, not the Paris Agreement. Statement 2 is correct. The fund is financed from the share of proceeds on CDM project activities, which amounts to 2% of CERs issued. Statement 3 is incorrect. While the AFB is composed of 16 members, the secretariat services are provided by the Global Environment Facility (GEF), not the World Bank.

Question 21

Consider the following pairs:
(Fund/Mechanism : Operating/Managing Body)
1. Special Climate Change Fund : Global Environment Facility
2. Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund : European Investment Bank
3. Green Climate Fund : World Bank (as interim trustee)
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

All three pairs. Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Global Environment Facility (GEF) was entrusted to operate the Special Climate Change Fund (SCCF). Pair 2 is correctly matched. The Global Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy Fund (GEEREF) is managed by the European Investment Bank. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The World Bank was invited by the COP to serve as the interim trustee of the Green Climate Fund (GCF).

Question 22

Consider the following statements regarding REDD and REDD+:

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. REDD+ goes beyond the initial scope of REDD (Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation) to include positive elements like conservation and sustainable management. Statement 2 is correct. The approach works by assigning a financial value to the carbon sequestered in forest biomass and soil. Statement 3 is incorrect. India's stand was that reduction of deforestation and conservation of forests are two sides of the same coin and should be treated at par, not separately. This position was accepted as part of the Bali Action Plan.

Question 23

Consider the following statements regarding international climate initiatives:

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Leadership Group for Industry Transition was spearheaded by India and Sweden. Statement 2 is correct. The main purpose of the Climate Ambition Alliance is to upscale the 2020 targets of UN members and to achieve Net Zero Carbon Emissions by 2050. Statement 3 is incorrect. The European Union, upon agreeing to a 'climate neutral' target for 2050, joined the Climate Ambition Alliance (CAA), not the Leadership Group for Industry Transition.

Question 24

With reference to the Warsaw Framework for REDD+ and its implementation, consider the following statements:

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The framework established the means for results-based payments, which are provided if developing countries can demonstrate the protection of forests, not as upfront grants. Statement 2 is correct. The incentives received from REDD+ are intended to be passed to local communities involved in forest protection, ensuring sustained conservation efforts. Statement 3 is incorrect. Global deforestation accounts for some 20 percent of the world's CO2 emissions, not half.

Question 25

Consider the following statements regarding the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC):
1. The IPCC's secretariat is hosted at the headquarters of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in Geneva.
2. As part of its mandate, the IPCC directly conducts research and monitors climate-related data to prepare its Assessment Reports.
3. The work of the IPCC is policy-prescriptive, providing governments with specific response options for mitigation and adaptation.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. The IPCC secretariat is hosted at the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) headquarters in Geneva, although it is supported by both WMO and UNEP. Statement 2 is incorrect. The IPCC is a scientific body that reviews and assesses existing information; it does not conduct its own research nor does it monitor climate-related data or parameters. Statement 3 is incorrect. The work of the organization is policy-relevant and yet policy-neutral, never policy-prescriptive; it provides scientific assessments, not mandatory policy directives.

Question 26

Consider the following statements:
Statement I: The work of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) is characterized as being policy-relevant yet policy-neutral.
Statement II: The IPCC's primary role is to review and assess the most recent scientific, technical, and socio-economic information produced worldwide, with thousands of scientists contributing on a voluntary basis.
Statement III: By endorsing IPCC reports, governments acknowledge the authority of their scientific content, which is often presented in a non-technical style suitable for policymakers.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Both Statement II and Statement III are correct and both explain Statement I.. Statement I is correct. The IPCC's work is policy-relevant but not prescriptive. Statement II is also correct; the IPCC's function is to review and assess existing global information, relying on voluntary contributions from scientists. Statement III is also correct; government endorsement signifies acceptance of the scientific authority of the reports, which are tailored for policymakers. Both Statement II and Statement III logically explain Statement I. Because the IPCC assesses existing science (Statement II) and presents it as an authoritative summary for governments to use (Statement III), its work provides a basis for policy (making it relevant) without dictating the actual policies (making it neutral/non-prescriptive).

Question 27

Consider the following pairs regarding IPCC reports and their contents:
1. Special Report : Carbon dioxide capture and storage
2. AR5 Cross-Cutting Theme : Land use, land use change and forestry
3. Assessment Report Component : Summary for Policymakers

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only two pairs. Pair 1 is correctly matched. Special Reports have been prepared on specific topics, including carbon dioxide capture and storage. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. 'Land use, land use change and forestry' is listed as a topic for a Special Report, not as one of the key cross-cutting themes of AR5. The AR5 themes included topics like the Carbon Cycle and Water and the Earth System. Pair 3 is correctly matched. Assessment Reports are composed of a longer report and a Summary for Policymakers, which is written in a non-technical style.

Question 28

With reference to India's actions for climate change, consider the following statements:
1. Switching to nuclear energy instead of burning fossil fuels is a measure for climate change adaptation.
2. The construction of cyclone shelters in coastal regions is a primary example of climate change mitigation.
3. The National Water Policy's emphasis on artificial recharge of groundwater is an adaptation strategy.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. Switching to nuclear energy is a measure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, which is defined as mitigation, not adaptation. Statement 2 is incorrect. Constructing cyclone shelters is a measure taken to minimize the adverse impacts of climate change, which falls under the definition of adaptation. Statement 3 is correct. Artificial recharge of groundwater is a method to increase utilizable water resources to cope with climate impacts, which is an adaptation measure.

Question 29

Consider the following statements regarding environmental regulations and outcomes in India:
1. The Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was enacted to centralize and accelerate the diversion of forest land for non-forestry purposes.
2. In India's coastal regions, all development is strictly prohibited in the area between 200m and 500m of the High Tide Line (HTL).
3. An aggressive afforestation programme resulted in an increase in the carbon stocks in Indian forests between 1986 and 2005.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Forest Conservation Act of 1980 was aimed at stopping the clearing and degradation of forests through strict control over the rights to use forest land. Statement 2 is incorrect. Restrictions are imposed in the area between 200m and 500m of the HTL, while special restrictions are imposed in the area up to 200m. The regulation does not state a strict prohibition of all development in the 200-500m zone. Statement 3 is correct. The afforestation and sustainable forest management programme led to an annual reforestation of 1.78 mha during 1985-1997, contributing to an increase in carbon stocks.

Question 30

In the context of India's sectoral adaptation actions, consider the following statements:
1. The Crop Insurance Scheme is a risk-financing programme that facilitates the extension of credit to farmers for crop failure.
2. The National Water Policy promotes non-conventional methods for water utilization while discouraging traditional practices like rainwater harvesting.
3. The prime objective of health programmes for climate adaptation is the surveillance and control of vector-borne diseases.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The Credit Support Mechanism facilitates the extension of credit to farmers. The Crop Insurance Scheme supports the insurance of farmers against climate risks; these are two distinct programmes. Statement 2 is incorrect. The National Water Policy stresses non-conventional methods for water utilization as well as traditional water conservation practices like rainwater harvesting. Statement 3 is correct. The prime objective of the health programmes mentioned is the surveillance and control of vector-borne diseases such as Malaria, Kala-azar, and Dengue.

Question 31

Consider the following statements regarding the revised targets of the National Solar Mission:

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is correct. The cumulative targets under the National Solar Mission were revised from 20,000 MW by 2021-22 to 1,00,000 MW. Statement 2 is incorrect. The target for rooftop solar projects is 40 GW. Statement 3 is incorrect. The target for Large and Medium Scale Grid Connected Solar Power Projects is 60 GW.

Question 32

With reference to the phased approach of the National Solar Mission, consider the following statements:

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The second phase, not the first, was intended to aggressively ramp up capacity. Statement 2 is incorrect. The first phase, not the second, was focused on capturing low-hanging options in solar thermal and promoting off-grid systems for populations without access to commercial energy. Statement 3 is correct. An evaluation of progress and review of capacity and targets is planned at the end of each plan period, based on emerging cost and technology trends.

Question 33

Consider the following statements regarding the foundational principles of India's National Action Plan on Climate Change (NAPCC):

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. The implementation of the Plan involves appropriate institutional mechanisms that include public-private partnerships and civil society action, not solely government agencies. Statement 2 is correct. The National Action Plan is based on the development and use of new technologies. Statement 3 is correct. The focus is on promoting understanding of climate change, adaptation and mitigation, energy efficiency, and natural resource conservation.

Question 34

With reference to India's climate commitments, consider the following statements:
1. The original Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) aimed to reduce the emissions intensity of GDP by 45 per cent by 2030 from 2005 levels.
2. The revised target announced at COP 26 commits to ensuring at least 50 per cent of installed electricity generation capacity would be from non-fossil fuel-based sources by 2030.
3. The original INDC included a goal to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. The original INDC target was to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 per cent by 2030 from the 2005 level. The 45 per cent reduction target is part of the revised commitments made at COP 26. Statement 2 is correct. The revised target increases the goal for non-fossil fuel-based electricity generation capacity to 50 per cent by 2030, up from the original 40 per cent. Statement 3 is correct. The creation of an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent was a salient point of the original INDC.

Question 35

Consider the following pairs regarding the components and actions outlined in India's INDC:
1. Adaptation : Safeguarding the Himalayan glaciers and mountain ecosystem.
2. Enhancing Carbon Sink : Optimizing water use efficiency.
3. Mobilizing Finance : Achieving 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030.

How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only one pair. Pair 1 is correctly matched. Safeguarding the Himalayan glaciers and mountain ecosystem is explicitly listed as an adaptation effort within the INDC. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. Enhancing carbon sinks refers to actions like creating additional forest and tree cover. Optimizing water use efficiency is an adaptation measure, not a carbon sink enhancement measure. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. Mobilizing finance is a means to implement actions. Achieving 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity is a mitigation target, not a representation of the 'Mobilizing Finance' component itself. Therefore, only one pair is correctly matched.

Question 36

With reference to India's revised climate targets announced at UNFCCC COP 26, consider the following statements:
1. India committed to achieve net zero carbon emissions by the year 2060.
2. A new goal was set to reduce total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030.
3. The target for non-fossil energy capacity was set at 500 GW by 2030.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. India's commitment is to achieve net zero carbon by the year 2070, not 2060. Statement 2 is correct. The revised targets include a commitment to reduce the total projected carbon emissions by 1 billion tonnes by 2030. Statement 3 is correct. India's revised targets include increasing its non-fossil energy capacity to 500 GW by 2030. Therefore, only two of the statements are correct.

Question 37

With reference to the Indian Network on Climate Change Assessment (INCCA), consider the following statements:

1. INCCA is a network-based programme designed to prepare scientific reports that constitute the entirety of India's National Communication (Nat Com) to the UNFCCC.
2. The first assessment published by INCCA was 'Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment'.
3. One of the objectives of INCCA is to establish an independent body of Indian scientists to provide a domestic perspective on climate change impacts, thereby influencing global discourse.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. Reports prepared by the INCCA form a part of India's National Communication (Nat Com) to the UNFCCC; they do not constitute the entirety of it. Statement 2 is incorrect. The first publication from INCCA was an updated greenhouse gas emissions inventory titled 'India: Greenhouse Gas Emissions 2007'. The '4x4 Assessment' was the second assessment. Statement 3 is correct. A stated objective is to have an independent body of Indian scientists prepare domestic scientific reports on climate change impacts to present a real picture and influence the world debate.

Question 38

Consider the following components of the INCCA's 'Climate Change and India: A 4x4 Assessment':

1. The assessment evaluates four climate-sensitive regions: the Himalayan region, the North-East region, the Western Ghats, and the Gangetic Plains.
2. The four key sectors, or thrust areas, examined are Agriculture, Water, Energy, and Human Health.
3. The assessment utilizes the PRECIS regional climate model to project climate change implications for the 2030s.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The four climate-sensitive regions covered in the assessment are the Himalayan region, the North-East region, the Western Ghats, and the Coastal plains, not the Gangetic Plains. Statement 2 is incorrect. The four key sectors (thrust areas) are Agriculture, Water, Forests, and Human Health, not Energy. Statement 3 is correct. The assessment explicitly examines the implications of the climate change scenario in the 2030s using a regional climate model known as PRECIS.

Question 39

Regarding the projected impacts from the INCCA's '4x4 Assessment', consider the following statements:

1. A universal decline in agricultural productivity is predicted, with crops such as rice and coconut expected to see reduced yields across all regions.
2. While the frequency of cyclonic disturbances is projected to decrease, their intensity is expected to increase.
3. Forest ecosystems are expected to experience a decrease in net primary productivity along with a negative impact on biodiversity.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The assessment does not predict a universal decline. While it projects a reduction in rice and maize yields, it also forecasts a rise in coconut yields in some cases. Statement 2 is correct. The assessment findings indicate that cyclonic disturbances will have a lower frequency but increased intensity. Statement 3 is incorrect. The assessment projects an increased net primary productivity for forests, although it also notes that this will be accompanied by shifting forest borders and negative impacts on livelihoods and biodiversity. The statement incorrectly claims a decrease in NPP.

Question 40

Consider the following statements regarding the Integrated Energy Policy, 2006:
1. It promotes the accelerated development of nuclear and hydropower for clean energy.
2. It places a primary emphasis on the use of personal vehicles to improve connectivity.
3. It advocates for focused Research & Development on a range of clean energy technologies.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. The key provisions of the Integrated Energy Policy include the accelerated development of nuclear and hydropower for clean energy. Statement 2 is incorrect. The policy emphasizes mass transport, not personal vehicles. Statement 3 is correct. The policy includes focused R&D on several clean energy related technologies as one of its key provisions. Therefore, only two statements are correct.

Question 41

Consider the following pairs:
1. Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) : Addresses the design of new, large commercial buildings.
2. Labelling Programme for Appliances : Made mandatory for air conditioners in 2006.
3. Energy Audits : Mandatory for 'designated consumers' in nine industrial sectors.
4. Rural Electrification Policy : Promotes renewables only when grid connectivity is impossible.

How many of the pairs given above are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only two pairs. Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) launched in 2007 addresses the design of new, large commercial buildings. Pair 2 is incorrectly matched. The labelling programme was launched in 2006, but it was made mandatory for refrigerators, and was only expected to be made mandatory for air conditioners. Pair 3 is correctly matched. The conduct of energy audits was made mandatory in March 2007 for large energy-consuming units in nine industrial sectors, which are notified as 'designated consumers'. Pair 4 is incorrectly matched. The Rural Electrification Policy, 2006, promotes renewable energy technologies where grid connectivity is not possible OR cost-effective, not only when it is impossible. Therefore, only two pairs are correctly matched.

Question 42

With reference to India's policy structure for GHG mitigation, consider the following statements:
1. The National Urban Transport Policy emphasizes extensive public transport facilities over personal vehicles.
2. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency has made it mandatory for both refrigerators and air conditioners to display an energy efficiency label.
3. Compliance with the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) is a mandatory component of the Environmental Impact Assessment for large buildings.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. The National Urban Transport Policy's emphasis is on extensive public transport facilities and non-motorized modes over personal vehicles. Statement 2 is incorrect. The Bureau of Energy Efficiency has made it mandatory for refrigerators to display the energy efficiency label, and it is only expected to do so for air conditioners. It is not yet mandatory for both. Statement 3 is correct. Compliance with the ECBC has been incorporated into the mandatory Environmental Impact Assessment requirements for large buildings. Therefore, only two statements are correct.

Question 43

With reference to green building regulations and schemes in India, consider the following statements:
1. Compliance with the Energy Conservation Building Code (ECBC) norms is currently mandatory for all buildings.
2. The 'Shunya' scheme provides a voluntary certification for buildings that offset their energy requirements with renewable energy.
3. The Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) is a mandatory rating system for all new constructions.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. Compliance with ECBC norms is voluntary at present. Statement 2 is correct. The Shunya scheme is a voluntary initiative where the Bureau of Energy Efficiency (BEE) gives certification to net-zero buildings that can offset their energy requirements with renewable energy. Statement 3 is incorrect. GRIHA is a voluntary scheme, not a mandatory rating system.

Question 44

Consider the following statements regarding the principles and economics of Green Buildings:
1. The design philosophy of a green building prioritizes minimizing the demand on non-renewable resources and maximizing the reuse and recycling of available resources.
2. Green buildings are characterized by lower initial construction costs but significantly higher long-term operational costs due to specialized technology.
3. The design process of a green building involves an integrated team of specialists to evaluate environmental impacts at every stage, from planning to operation.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. A key aim is to minimize demand on non-renewable resources and maximize reuse and recycling. Statement 2 is incorrect. A green building typically costs a little more to construct, but it costs less to operate over its life cycle. Statement 3 is correct. The design process requires a collaborative team of architects, consultants, and designers to work together to address all aspects of the building's life cycle.

Question 45

Consider the following statements:
1. The Green Rating for Integrated Habitat Assessment (GRIHA) was conceived by TERI and developed jointly with the Ministry of Power.
2. The GRIHA rating tool evaluates a building's environmental performance holistically over its entire life cycle, from inception through operation.
3. A key aspect of green building design is improving indoor environmental quality, which includes maintaining thermal comfort and air quality.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is incorrect. GRIHA was developed jointly by TERI and the Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, not the Ministry of Power. Statement 2 is correct. The rating system assesses a building's predicted performance over its entire life cycle. Statement 3 is correct. Green building design looks into indoor environmental quality, which involves maintaining indoor thermal and visual comfort and air quality.

Question 46

With reference to the FAME India Programme, consider the following statements:
1. The scheme was rolled out in 2015 by the Union Minister for Heavy industries and Public Enterprises.
2. It provides for an initial subsidy of 30% to the buyers of electric and hybrid vehicles.
3. The scheme was proposed to be implemented over a period of ten years, until 2025.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. The Faster Adoption and Manufacturing of (Hybrid) and Electric Vehicles (FAME India) scheme was rolled out in April 2015. Statement 2 is correct. The scheme initially provided for a subsidy of 30% to buyers. Statement 3 is incorrect. The scheme was proposed to be implemented over a period of six years, until 2020, not ten years.

Question 47

Consider the following statements regarding the Indian Solar Loan Programme:
1. It was a joint initiative by Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank to provide credit facilities in Southern India.
2. The programme's geographical scope was limited exclusively to the state of Karnataka.
3. The United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) provided direct financial loans to rural households for the purchase of Solar Home Systems.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. The programme was initiated by the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP); Canara Bank and Syndicate Bank were partner banks. Statement 2 is incorrect. The programme was run through branch offices across Karnataka State and also part of the neighboring Kerala State. Statement 3 is incorrect. UNEP provided financial support in the form of interest rate subsidies for borrowers and assistance with technical issues; the partner banks ran the loan programme, not UNEP directly.

Question 48

Consider the following statements:
1. The National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development (NABARD) is the National Implementing Entity for the National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture (NICRA).
2. The National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC) supports concrete adaptation activities, and projects related to tourism are eligible for funding.
3. The India Cooling Action Plan (ICAP) is the first such document developed by any country in the world and it focuses primarily on refrigerant transition.
How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. NABARD is the National Implementing Entity (NIE) for the National Adaptation Fund for Climate Change (NAFCC), not for NICRA. NICRA is an initiative of the Indian Council of Agricultural Research (ICAR). Statement 2 is correct. The NAFCC supports adaptation projects in sectors such as agriculture, animal husbandry, water, forestry, and tourism. Statement 3 is incorrect. While India is the first country to develop an ICAP, its scope is cross-sectoral and includes the reduction of cooling demand and enhancing energy efficiency, not just focusing on refrigerant transition.

Question 49

With reference to India's land restoration commitments, consider the following statements:
1. India has pledged to restore 24 million hectares of degraded land under its 'Critical Initiatives' program.
2. The institutional framework for an additional 1 million hectares of land for restoration is being prepared for a 2020 deadline.
3. The 24 'Critical Initiatives' are a sub-component of the larger pledge to restore 13 million hectares of land.

Accepted Answer

None. Statement 1 is incorrect. The figure of 24 refers to the number of 'Critical Initiatives', not an area in million hectares. The primary pledge mentioned is for 13 million hectares. Statement 2 is incorrect. The institutional framework for the additional 1 million hectares is being prepared for a 2030 timeline, not 2020. The 2020 date is associated with the 24 'Critical Initiatives'. Statement 3 is incorrect. The 24 'Critical Initiatives' are mentioned as being 'in addition' to the 13-million-hectare pledge, implying they are distinct undertakings.

Question 50

Consider the following statements regarding India's initiatives on land degradation:
1. India's pledge for land restoration is noted as one of the largest of its kind in Asia.
2. The program involving 24 'Critical Initiatives' has a target year of 2030.
3. The primary challenge pledge is exclusively focused on restoring deforested land, not degraded land.

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is correct. India's pledge is explicitly mentioned as being one of the largest in Asia. Statement 2 is incorrect. The 24 'Critical Initiatives' were targeted for the year 2020. The 2030 timeline is for the preparation of plans for an additional 1 million hectares. Statement 3 is incorrect. The pledge is for 'degraded and deforested land', covering both categories.

Question 51

Consider the following pairs:
1. Primary Restoration Target : 13 million hectares
2. Number of 'Critical Initiatives' : 24
3. Framework Deadline for Additional Area : 2020
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only two pairs. Pair 1 is correctly matched. The challenge pledge is to bring 13 million hectares into restoration. Pair 2 is correctly matched. There are 24 'Critical Initiatives' mentioned. Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The deadline for preparing the institutional framework for the additional 1 million hectares is 2030, not 2020.

Question 52

Consider the following statements regarding India's climate commitments under its Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs):
1. India has committed to reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by at least 45 percent by 2030, from 2005 levels.
2. An initial goal was to achieve about 40 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
3. The commitment to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent is legally binding under international law with punitive provisions for non-compliance.
How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct. This is part of India's revised NDC (Panchamrit) announced at COP26, updating the previous target of 33-35%. Statement 2 is correct. This was a key component of India's first Intended Nationally Determined Contribution (INDC) submitted in 2015. Statement 3 is incorrect. While NDCs are central to the Paris Agreement, they are 'nationally determined'. The framework is built on transparency and reporting, not on a punitive, legally binding system in the traditional sense for failure to meet the specific targets themselves.

Question 53

Consider the following statements:
Statement-I: India's climate action policy focuses on reducing the 'emissions intensity' of its Gross Domestic Product (GDP).
Statement-II: This policy ensures that as the national GDP grows, the country's total greenhouse gas emissions will decrease in absolute terms.
Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.. Statement-I is correct. India's NDCs explicitly target the reduction of emissions intensity of its GDP, which means reducing the volume of emissions per unit of economic output. Statement-II is incorrect. This is a classic process inversion. Reducing 'emissions intensity' does not guarantee a reduction in 'absolute emissions'. If the GDP grows at a faster rate than the rate at which emissions intensity decreases, the total absolute emissions can still increase. The goal is to decouple economic growth from emissions growth, not necessarily to achieve immediate absolute reductions.

Question 54

With reference to India's National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC, consider the following statements:
1. It includes a national inventory of anthropogenic GHG emissions using methodologies provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
2. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change is the nodal implementing and executing agency for this process.
3. The submission of NATCOMs is a mandatory obligation exclusively for the Annex-I countries.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

1 and 2 only. Statement 1 is correct. National Communications (NATCOMs) must include a national inventory of anthropogenic greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions by sources and removals by sinks. The methodologies for preparing these inventories are provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). Statement 2 is correct. In India, the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) is the nodal ministry that oversees the preparation and submission of NATCOMs to the UNFCCC. Statement 3 is incorrect. The obligation to submit National Communications is a requirement for all Parties to the UNFCCC, both Annex I (developed) and Non-Annex I (developing) countries, including India. While the frequency and detail of reporting may differ, the obligation is not exclusive to Annex-I countries.

Question 55

Consider the following statements regarding India's updated climate commitments formally submitted to the UNFCCC:
1. To reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by at least 45 percent by 2030 from 2005 level.
2. To achieve 500 GW of non-fossil energy capacity by 2030.
3. To ensure at least 50 percent of cumulative electric power installed capacity is from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
How many of the above statements are part of India's formally updated Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC)?

Accepted Answer

Only two. Statement 1 is correct; it is a key component of India's updated NDC. Statement 2 is incorrect; while announced as part of the 'Panchamrit' at COP26, the 500 GW target was not included in the formal NDC document submitted to the UNFCCC. Statement 3 is correct; the commitment to have 50% of installed capacity from non-fossil sources by 2030 is part of the updated NDC. Therefore, only two statements are correct.

Question 56

Statement-I: India's climate action plan includes a commitment to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent by 2030.
Statement-II: This target represents a cumulative goal to be achieved over the period leading to 2030, not an annual sequestration amount.

Accepted Answer

Both statements are correct, but Statement-II is not the correct explanation for Statement-I.. Statement-I is a correct factual representation of India's NDC target for creating a carbon sink. Statement-II is also correct; it clarifies that the 2.5-3 billion tonne figure is a cumulative target for the entire period up to 2030, not an annual target. However, Statement-II merely clarifies the nature of the target's timeline; it does not explain the scientific or policy reason *why* the commitment was made, which is to sequester atmospheric carbon. Thus, it is not the 'correct explanation' in the UPSC sense.

Question 57

Consider the following pairs regarding India's National Communication (NATCOM) process under the UNFCCC:
1. Executing Agency : Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change
2. Funding Facility : Global Environment Facility (GEF)
3. Methodological Guidance : United Nations Development Programme (UNDP)
How many of the above pairs are correctly matched?

Accepted Answer

Only two pairs. Pair 1 is correctly matched. The Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEFCC) serves as the nodal agency for implementing and executing the NATCOM project in India. Pair 2 is correctly matched. The project receives its funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF). Pair 3 is incorrectly matched. The methodological guidelines for preparing national greenhouse gas inventories are provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) acts as an implementing agency for the GEF, channeling the funds, but does not provide the primary methodological guidance. Therefore, only two pairs are correct.

Question 58

With reference to the greenhouse gas (GHG) inventories prepared under India's National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC, consider the following statements:
1. The inventory includes anthropogenic emissions of gases like methane and nitrous oxide.
2. The reporting framework explicitly excludes GHGs that are controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
3. The estimations are based on guidelines provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Which of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

1, 2 and 3. Statement 1 is correct. India's National Communications (NATCOMs) and Biennial Update Reports (BURs) submitted to the UNFCCC provide a comprehensive inventory of anthropogenic greenhouse gas emissions. This inventory mandatorily includes major direct GHGs such as Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Methane (CH4), and Nitrous Oxide (N2O), along with F-gases. Statement 2 is correct. The UNFCCC reporting guidelines for national inventories explicitly cover GHGs 'not controlled by the Montreal Protocol'. This is a foundational principle to avoid overlap between the climate and ozone protection regimes. The Montreal Protocol deals with Ozone Depleting Substances (ODS), some of which are also GHGs. Statement 3 is correct. The estimation of national GHG inventories follows internationally agreed-upon methodologies to ensure consistency and comparability. These methodologies are provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC). For example, India's recent communications have used the '2006 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Inventories'. Therefore, all three statements are correct.

Question 59

Consider the following statements regarding India's updated climate action targets under its international commitments:

1. Achieving 50% of its total electricity generation from non-fossil fuel sources by 2030.
2. Reducing the emissions intensity of its GDP by at least 45% by 2030, from 2005 levels.
3. Achieving the target of Net Zero emissions by the year 2050.

How many of the above statements are correct?

Accepted Answer

Only one. Statement 1 is incorrect. The target is to have about 50% cumulative electric power *installed capacity* from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources, not 50% of total electricity *generation*. Statement 2 is correct. This is one of the five commitments, known as 'Panchamrit', announced at COP26, updating the previous target of 33-35%. Statement 3 is incorrect. India's target for achieving Net Zero emissions is the year 2070, not 2050. Therefore, only one statement is correct.

Question 60

With reference to India's initial Intended Nationally Determined Contributions (INDCs) submitted to the UNFCCC, consider the following statements:

1. It included a commitment to reduce the emissions intensity of its GDP by 33 to 35 percent by 2030 from 2005 levels.
2. It aimed to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover.
3. The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) in its report recognized India as being on course to achieve its voluntary goals.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

1 and 2 only. Statement 1 is correct. This was a key quantitative target of India's first INDC. Statement 2 is correct. This was the specific target for enhancing India's carbon sink capacity. Statement 3 is incorrect. The recognition of India being on course to achieve its voluntary goals came from the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) in its Emission Gap Report, not from the IPCC.

Question 61

Consider the following statements:

Statement-I: India's National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC includes a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions of gases like Hydrofluorocarbons (HFCs).

Statement-II: The UNFCCC framework requires parties to report on all greenhouse gases, including those primarily regulated under the Montreal Protocol, to ensure a comprehensive global inventory.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Statement-I is correct but Statement-II is incorrect.. Statement-I is correct. The GHG inventory prepared as part of NATCOM includes a basket of gases such as carbon dioxide, methane, nitrous oxide, and fluorinated gases like HFCs. Statement-II is incorrect. The UNFCCC reporting requirement, as per the provided context and convention text, is for 'all GHGs not controlled by the Montreal Protocol'. This distinction is a critical element of the international climate and ozone protection regimes. While HFCs are now being phased down under the Kigali Amendment to the Montreal Protocol, the original reporting distinction under UNFCCC holds.

Question 62

Consider the following statements regarding India's climate commitments:

Statement-I: India's Nationally Determined Contributions (NDCs) are legally binding international commitments, and failure to achieve them results in penalties under the UNFCCC framework.

Statement-II: The Paris Agreement architecture is based on a 'bottom-up' approach, allowing countries to set their own targets based on national circumstances.

Which one of the following is correct in respect of the above statements?

Accepted Answer

Statement-I is incorrect but Statement-II is correct. Statement-I is incorrect. While the Paris Agreement framework has legally binding elements (like reporting), the specific emission reduction targets within a country's NDC are not internationally legally binding in a punitive sense. They are 'nationally determined'. Statement-II is correct. The Paris Agreement fundamentally shifted global climate governance to a 'bottom-up' system where each nation proposes its own climate action plan (NDC), reflecting the principle of common but differentiated responsibilities and respective capabilities.

Question 63

With reference to India's updated climate pledges (NDCs) submitted to the UNFCCC, consider the following statements:

1. The commitment is to reduce the emissions intensity of GDP by at least 45 percent by 2030, from 2005 levels.
2. The target is to achieve about 50 percent cumulative electric power installed capacity from non-fossil fuel-based energy resources by 2030.
3. A goal has been set to create an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent through additional forest and tree cover by 2030.

How many of the statements given above are correct?

Accepted Answer

All three. Statement 1 is correct. India's revised NDC commits to a 45% reduction in emissions intensity of GDP from 2005 levels, an increase from the earlier 33-35% target. Statement 2 is correct. The revised target increases the share of non-fossil fuel-based installed electricity capacity to 50% by 2030, up from the previous 40% target. Statement 3 is correct. This target of creating an additional carbon sink of 2.5 to 3 billion tonnes of CO2 equivalent was part of India's original INDC and has been carried forward.

Question 64

Consider the following statements regarding India's National Communication (NATCOM) to the UNFCCC:

1. It includes a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions of all greenhouse gases not controlled by the Montreal Protocol.
2. The estimation of the GHG inventory is based on guidelines provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
3. The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) is the primary implementing and executing agency for this project in India.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

Accepted Answer

1 and 2 only. Statement 1 is correct. A key component of India's National Communication (NATCOM) is the preparation and reporting of a national inventory of anthropogenic emissions by sources and removals by sinks of all greenhouse gases (GHGs) that are not controlled by the Montreal Protocol. Statement 2 is correct. The methodologies used for estimating the GHG inventory are based on the guidelines provided by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), which is the standard practice for all Parties to the UNFCCC to ensure comparability and transparency. Statement 3 is incorrect. The nodal agency for the preparation of NATCOM in India is the Ministry of Environment, Forest and Climate Change (MoEF&CC). The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) has acted as a channel for funding from the Global Environment Facility (GEF) but is not the primary implementing or executing agency for the project itself.

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